Shaping magnetic fields to direct therapy to ears and eyes

• Published in: Annual review of biomedical engineering Vol. 16; no. 1; pp. 455 - 481
• Main Authors: Shapiro, B, Kulkarni, S, Nacev, A, Sarwar, A, Preciado, D, Depireux, D A
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States 11.07.2014
• Subjects: Animals; Blindness - therapy; Diabetes Complications; Drug Delivery Systems; Ear - pathology; Ear, Inner - pathology; Ear, Middle - pathology; Electromagnetic Phenomena; Endophthalmitis - therapy; Equipment Design; Eye - pathology; Humans; Macular Degeneration - therapy; Magnetic Fields; Magnetics; Ocular Physiological Phenomena; Retinal Diseases - therapy; Retinitis Pigmentosa - therapy; eye; stem cells; drug delivery; magnetic targeting; ear; nanotherapy
• ISSN: 1523-9829; 1545-4274
• DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071813-105206

Magnetic fields have the potential to noninvasively direct and focus therapy to disease targets. External magnets can apply forces on drug-coated magnetic nanoparticles, or on living cells that contain particles, and can be used to manipulate them in vivo. Significant progress has been made in developing and testing safe and therapeutic magnetic constructs that can be manipulated by magnetic fields. However, we do not yet have the magnet systems that can then direct those constructs to the right places, in vivo, over human patient distances. We do not yet know where to put the external magnets, how to shape them, or when to turn them on and off to direct particles or magnetized cells-in blood, through tissue, and across barriers-to disease locations. In this article, we consider ear and eye disease targets. Ear and eye targets are too deep and complex to be targeted by a single external magnet, but they are shallow enough that a combination of magnets may be able to direct therapy to them. We focus on how magnetic fields should be shaped (in space and time) to direct magnetic constructs to ear and eye targets.