Cholesterol-binding motifs in STING that control endoplasmic reticulum retention mediate anti-tumoral activity of cholesterol-lowering compounds

• Published in: Nature communications Vol. 15; no. 1; p. 2760
• Main Authors: Zhang, Bao-cun, Laursen, Marlene F., Hu, Lili, Hazrati, Hossein, Narita, Ryo, Jensen, Lea S., Hansen, Aida S., Huang, Jinrong, Zhang, Yan, Ding, Xiangning, Muyesier, Maimaitili, Nilsson, Emil, Banasik, Agnieszka, Zeiler, Christina, Mogensen, Trine H., Etzerodt, Anders, Agger, Ralf, Johannsen, Mogens, Kofod-Olsen, Emil, Paludan, Søren R., Jakobsen, Martin R.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 29.03.2024; Nature Publishing Group; Nature Portfolio
• Subjects: 13/31; 14/19; 42; 59; 631/250/262; 631/250/580; 631/80/642/1463; 631/92/287/1197; 64/60; 82/58; 82/80; Antibodies; Anticancer properties; Binding; Cancer immunotherapy; Cholesterol; Depletion; Endoplasmic reticulum; Endoplasmic Reticulum - metabolism; Esterification; Golgi apparatus; Humanities and Social Sciences; Humans; Immune response; Immune system; Immunotherapy; Inflammation; Interferons - metabolism; Membrane Proteins - metabolism; Membrane trafficking; multidisciplinary; Neoplasms - metabolism; Neoplasms - therapy; Nucleotidyltransferases - metabolism; PD-1 protein; Remission; Retention; Science; Science (multidisciplinary); Signal transduction; Signal Transduction - physiology; Sterol O-acyltransferase; Stimulation; Tumor Microenvironment; Tumors
• ISSN: 2041-1723; 2041-1723
• DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47046-5

The cGAS-STING pathway plays a crucial role in anti-tumoral responses by activating inflammation and reprogramming the tumour microenvironment. Upon activation, STING traffics from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to Golgi, allowing signalling complex assembly and induction of interferon and inflammatory cytokines. Here we report that cGAMP stimulation leads to a transient decline in ER cholesterol levels, mediated by Sterol O-Acyltransferase 1-dependent cholesterol esterification. This facilitates ER membrane curvature and STING trafficking to Golgi. Notably, we identify two cholesterol-binding motifs in STING and confirm their contribution to ER-retention of STING. Consequently, depletion of intracellular cholesterol levels enhances STING pathway activation upon cGAMP stimulation. In a preclinical tumour model, intratumorally administered cholesterol depletion therapy potentiated STING-dependent anti-tumoral responses, which, in combination with anti-PD-1 antibodies, promoted tumour remission. Collectively, we demonstrate that ER cholesterol sets a threshold for STING signalling through cholesterol-binding motifs in STING and we propose that this could be exploited for cancer immunotherapy. Cholesterol lowering medication positively affects anti-cancer immune response, but the underpinning mechanism is not fully known. Here authors show that the effect is mediated by specific cholesterol binding motifs in STING, a key mediator of inflammation, via regulating its trafficking to Golgi.