Towards lab-on-chip ultrasensitive ethanol detection using photonic crystal waveguide operating in the mid-infrared

• Published in: Nanophotonics (Berlin, Germany) Vol. 10; no. 6; pp. 1675 - 1682
• Main Authors: Rostamian, Ali, Madadi-Kandjani, Ehsan, Dalir, Hamed, Sorger, Volker J., Chen, Ray T.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin De Gruyter 01.04.2021; Walter de Gruyter GmbH
• Subjects: Chemical fingerprinting; Co-design; Crystal structure; Ethanol; gas sensing; infrared; Infrared detectors; Infrared spectra; Infrared spectrometers; Lab-on-a-chip; Photoabsorption; photonic crystal waveguide; Photonic crystals; Platforms; Quantum cascade lasers; Room temperature; Sensors; Spectral sensitivity; spectroscopy; Waveguides
• ISSN: 2192-8606; 2192-8614
• DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2020-0576

Thanks to the unique molecular fingerprints in the mid-infrared spectral region, absorption spectroscopy in this regime has attracted widespread attention in recent years. Contrary to commercially available infrared spectrometers, which are limited by being bulky and cost-intensive, laboratory-on-chip infrared spectrometers can offer sensor advancements including raw sensing performance in addition to utilization such as enhanced portability. Several platforms have been proposed in the past for on-chip ethanol detection. However, selective sensing with high sensitivity at room temperature has remained a challenge. Here, we experimentally demonstrate an on-chip ethyl alcohol sensor based on a holey photonic crystal waveguide on silicon on insulator-based photonics sensing platform offering an enhanced photoabsorption thus improving sensitivity. This is achieved by designing and engineering an optical slow-light mode with a high group-index of  = 73 and a strong localization of the modal power in analyte, enabled by the photonic crystal waveguide structure. This approach includes a codesign paradigm that uniquely features an increased effective path length traversed by the guided wave through the to-be-sensed gas analyte. This PIC-based lab-on-chip sensor is exemplary, spectrally designed to operate at the center wavelength of 3.4 μm to match the peak absorbance for ethanol. However, the slow-light enhancement concept is universal offering to cover a wide design-window and spectral ranges towards sensing a plurality of gas species. Using the holey photonic crystal waveguide, we demonstrate the capability of achieving parts per billion levels of gas detection precision. High sensitivity combined with tailorable spectral range along with a compact form-factor enables a new class of portable photonic sensor platforms when integrated with quantum cascade laser and detectors.