Monolithic 3-D FPGAs

• Published in: Proceedings of the IEEE Vol. 103; no. 7; pp. 1197 - 1210
• Main Authors: Zhang, Zhiping, Liauw, Young Yang, Chen, Chen, Wong, S. Simon
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York IEEE 01.07.2015; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: "normally off; 3-D integrated circuits (3-D ICs); CMOS integrated circuits; Emerging nonvolatile memories (eNVM); Field programmable gate arrays; field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs); instantly on" computing; Logic gates; monolithic 3-D integration; More than Moore (MtM); nanoelectromechanical (NEM) relays; Reconfigurable architectures; reconfigurable computing; Relays; Routing; Three-dimensional displays; Transistors; 3-D integrated circuits (3-D ICs); monolithic 3-D integration; instantly on” computing; Emerging nonvolatile memories (eNVM); field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs); reconfigurable computing; More than Moore (MtM); normally off; nanoelectromechanical (NEM) relays
• ISSN: 0018-9219; 1558-2256
• DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2015.2433954

This paper reviews the recent developments in monolithic 3-D field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Enabling technologies are covered. Three representative groups of monolithic 3-D FPGAs are discussed: "normally off, instantly on" FPGAs, FPGAs with 3-D switches, and FPGAs with 3-D configuration memory and pass transistors. The circuit designs and implementations of each group are presented and examined.