Heart Sound Classification Using Wavelet Analysis Approaches and Ensemble of Deep Learning Models

• Published in: Applied sciences Vol. 13; no. 21; p. 11942
• Main Authors: Lee, Jin-A, Kwak, Keun-Chang
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.10.2023
• Subjects: Artificial intelligence; Cardiovascular disease; Cardiovascular diseases; Classification; convolutional neural network; Datasets; Deep learning; Diagnosis; Electrocardiography; Electroencephalography; Electromyography; ensemble; Health aspects; Heart; Heart attack; Heart beat; heart sound classification; Medical diagnosis; Medical research; Medicine, Experimental; Mortality; Neural networks; Performance evaluation; phonocardiogram signal; Physiology; Sound; Support vector machines; Ultrasonic imaging; Wavelet transforms
• ISSN: 2076-3417; 2076-3417
• DOI: 10.3390/app132111942

Analyzing the condition and function of the heart is very important because cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are responsible for high mortality rates worldwide and can lead to strokes and heart attacks; thus, early diagnosis and treatment are important. Phonocardiogram (PCG) signals can be used to analyze heart rate characteristics to detect heart health and detect heart-related diseases. In this paper, we propose a method for designing using wavelet analysis techniques and an ensemble of deep learning models from phonocardiogram (PCG) for heart sound classification. For this purpose, we use wavelet scattering transform (WST) and continuous wavelet transform (CWT) as the wavelet analysis approaches for 1D-convolutional neural network (CNN) and 2D-CNN modeling, respectively. These features are insensitive to translations of the input on an invariance scale and are continuous with respect to deformations. Furthermore, the ensemble model is combined with 1D-CNN and 2D-CNN. The proposed method consists of four stages: a preprocessing stage for dividing signals at regular intervals, a feature extraction stage through wavelet scattering transform (WST) and continuous wavelet transform (CWT), a design stage of individual 1D-CNN and 2D-CNN, and a classification stage of heart sound by the ensemble model. The datasets used for the experiment were the PhysioNet/CinC 2016 challenge dataset and the PASCAL classifying heart sounds challenge dataset. The performance evaluation is performed by precision, recall, F1-score, sensitivity, and specificity. The experimental results revealed that the proposed method showed good performance on two datasets in comparison to the previous methods. The ensemble method of the proposed deep learning model surpasses the performance of recent studies and is suitable for predicting and diagnosing heart-related diseases by classifying heart sounds through phonocardiogram (PCG) signals.