Development and Testing of a Bubble Bi-Level Positive Airway Pressure System

• Published in: Respiratory care Vol. 62; no. 9; pp. 1131 - 1136
• Main Authors: John, Stephen C, Barnett, Joseph D, Habben, Nickolas D, Le, Hoa T, Cheng, Eric, John, Sunil P, Gustafson, Peter A
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Daedalus Enterprises, Inc 01.09.2017
• Subjects: Care and treatment; Continuous positive airway pressure; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure - instrumentation; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure - methods; Health aspects; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infants; Manikins; Noninvasive Ventilation - instrumentation; Noninvasive Ventilation - methods; Pressure; Reproducibility of Results; Respiratory distress syndrome; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn - therapy; Risk factors; Ventilators, Mechanical; international medicine; neonate; biomedical engineering; noninvasive ventilation
• ISSN: 0020-1324; 1943-3654
• DOI: 10.4187/respcare.05443

Neonatal respiratory distress results in > 1 million annual deaths worldwide. Bubble CPAP is a simple, effective, and widely used therapy for infants in respiratory distress. In low-resource settings, more advanced respiratory support is limited by cost, technical expertise, and sporadic electricity. We sought to develop a safe, inexpensive, and simple solution to provide further respiratory support for these infants. A standard bubble CPAP system was modified to provide 2 levels of positive airway pressure (bi-level positive airway pressure) by attaching a novel device. To demonstrate reliability, the system was run with continuous pressure monitoring on full-term and preterm neonatal mannikins with pressure targets of 8/5 cm H O and 15/5 cm H O to simulate 2 different modes of noninvasive ventilation (NIV). At a ventilation rate set between 30 and 45 cycles/min, by adjusting the leak rate of the device, the following mean pressures ± SD were demonstrated: term mannikin low-pressure NIV, 7.9 ± 0.2/5.3 ± 0.2 cm H O; term mannikin high-pressure NIV, 15.1 ± 0.1/6.1 ± 0.1 cm H O; preterm mannikin low-pressure NIV, 7.9 ± 0.2/5.3 ± 0.2 cm H O; preterm mannikin high-pressure NIV, 16.5 ± 0.4/5.1 ± 0.1 cm H O. The modified bubble CPAP system reliably provided alternating pressures similar to bi-level positive airway pressure modes of respiratory support in neonatal mannikins. The dual-pressure technology is a simple, single connection add-on that can readily be applied to existing bubble CPAP systems.