Nest site attributes and temporal patterns of northern flicker nest loss: effects of predation and competition

• Published in: Oecologia Vol. 147; no. 4; pp. 744 - 753
• Main Authors: Fisher, Ryan J, Wiebe, Karen L
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin Berlin/Heidelberg : Springer-Verlag 01.04.2006; Springer; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Animal and plant ecology; Animal ethology; Animal nesting; Animal, plant and microbial ecology; Animals; Aves; Behavioural Ecology; Biological and medical sciences; Bird nesting; Birds; Birds - physiology; Colaptes auratus; Competitive Behavior - physiology; Coniferous forests; Coniferous trees; Demecology; Ecological competition; Ecosystem; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Mammalian nest predator; Mammals; Nest survival; Nesting Behavior - physiology; Nesting sites; Nests; Predation; Predators; Predatory Behavior; Primary excavator; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Reproduction - physiology; Site selection; Squirrels; Starlings; Sturnus vulgaris; Time Factors; Tree cavities; Trees; Vertebrata; Competition; Predator prey relation; European starling; Nesting site; Mammalian nest predator; Loss; Nest survival; Survival; Time variation; Breeding site; Vertebrata; Mammalia; Site selection; Colaptes auratus; Primary excavator; Predator; Predation; Aves; Nest; Sturnus vulgaris; Interspecific relation
• ISSN: 0029-8549; 1432-1939
• DOI: 10.1007/s00442-005-0310-2

To date, most studies of nest site selection have failed to take into account more than one source of nest loss (or have combined all sources in one analysis) when examining nest site characteristics, leaving us with an incomplete understanding of the potential trade-offs that individuals may face when selecting a nest site. Our objectives were to determine whether northern flickers (Colaptes auratus) may experience a trade-off in nest site selection in response to mammalian nest predation and nest loss to a cavity nest competitor (European starling, Sturnus vulgaris). We also document within-season temporal patterns of these two sources of nest loss with the hypothesis that flickers may also be constrained in the timing of reproduction under both predatory and competitive influence. Mammalian predators frequently depredated flicker nests that were: lower to the ground, less concealed by vegetation around the cavity entrance and at the base of the nest tree, closer to coniferous forest edges and in forest clumps with a high percentage of conifer content. Proximity to coniferous edges or coniferous trees increased the probability of nest predation, but nests near conifers were less likely to be lost to starlings. Flickers may thus face a trade-off in nest site selection with respect to safety from predators or competitors. Models suggested that peaks of nest predation and nest loss to eviction occurred at the same time, although a competing model suggested that the peak of nest loss to starlings occurred 5 days earlier than the peak of mammalian predation. Differences in peaks of mammalian predation and loss to starlings may constrain any adjustment in clutch initiation date by flickers to avoid one source of nest loss.