Relative Frequency and Risk Factors of COVID-19 Related Headache in a Sample of Egyptian Population: A Hospital-Based Study

• Published in: Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.) Vol. 22; no. 9; pp. 2092 - 2099
• Main Authors: Hussein, Mona, Fathy, Wael, Eid, Ragaey A, Abdel-Hamid, Hoda M, Yehia, Ahmed, Sheemy, Mostafa S, Ragaie, Christine, Dahshan, Ahmed, Rizk, Hoda I, laz, Nabila, Magdy, Rehab
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Oxford University Press 01.09.2021
• Subjects: Analgesics; Coronaviruses; COVID-19; Dehydration; Diabetes mellitus; Ferritin; Fever; Gender; Headache; Headaches; Hemoglobin; Laboratories; Leukocytes (neutrophilic); Lymphocytes; Malignancy; Medical records; Multivariate analysis; Original Research; Pain management; Patients; Platelets; Population studies; Risk factors; Statistics; Steroid hormones; Egypt; Primary Headache; Dehydration; NLR; COVID-19 Related Headache; Fever; Primary headache; COVID-19 related headache
• ISSN: 1526-2375; 1526-4637
• DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnab020

Abstract Objectives Headache is considered one of the most frequent neurological manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This work aimed to identify the relative frequency of COVID-19-related headache and to clarify the impact of clinical, laboratory findings of COVID-19 infection on headache occurrence and its response to analgesics. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Recovered COVID-19 patients. Subjects In total, 782 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 infection. Methods Clinical, laboratory, and imaging data were obtained from the hospital medical records. Regarding patients who developed COVID-19 related headache, a trained neurologist performed an analysis of headache and its response to analgesics. Results The relative frequency of COVID-19 related headache among our sample was 55.1% with 95% confidence interval (CI) (.516–.586) for the estimated population prevalence. Female gender, malignancy, primary headache, fever, dehydration, lower levels of hemoglobin and platelets and higher levels of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and CRP were significantly associated with COVID-19 related headache. Multivariate analysis revealed that female gender, fever, dehydration, primary headache, high NLR, and decreased platelet count were independent predictors of headache occurrence. By evaluating headache response to analgesics, old age, diabetes, hypertension, primary headache, severe COVID-19, steroid intake, higher CRP and ferritin and lower hemoglobin levels were associated with poor response to analgesics. Multivariate analysis revealed that primary headache, steroids intake, moderate and severe COVID-19 were independent predictors of non-response to analgesics. Discussion Headache occurs in 55.1% of patients with COVID-19. Female gender, fever, dehydration, primary headache, high NLR, and decreased platelet count are considered independent predictors of COVID-19 related headache.