Perineal body anatomy seen by three-dimensional endovaginal ultrasound of asymptomatic nulliparae

• Published in: Colorectal disease Vol. 18; no. 4; pp. 400 - 409
• Main Authors: Santoro, G. A., Shobeiri, S. A., Petros, P. P., Zapater, P., Wieczorek, A. P.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.04.2016
• Subjects: Adult; Anal sphincter; Cadaver; Endosonography - methods; Female; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional - methods; Observer Variation; Parity; pelvic floor; perineal body; Perineum - anatomy & histology; Perineum - diagnostic imaging; Pregnancy; Reproducibility of Results; three-dimensional ultrasound; Vagina - diagnostic imaging; Young Adult; perineal body; pelvic floor; three-dimensional ultrasound; Anal sphincter
• ISSN: 1462-8910; 1463-1318
• DOI: 10.1111/codi.13119

Aim The perineal body (PB) plays an important role in supporting the pelvic floor and the posterior vaginal wall, but its attachments and relationships are still debated. This study aimed to assess the normal anatomy of the PB using high‐resolution three‐dimensional endovaginal ultrasound (3D‐EVUS) in asymptomatic nulliparae. Method To validate the identification of perineal structures, 3D‐EVUS was initially performed on nulliparous cadavers. Fresh frozen pelves were prepared and echogenic structures thought to be the PB, the external anal sphincter, the superficial and deep transverse perineii, pubovaginalis, puboperinealis, puboanalis, puborectalis and iliococcygeus muscles were tagged with biopsy needles, and marked with indigo carmine dye for localization during dissection. In the second part of the study, consecutive asymptomatic nulliparae were prospectively imaged with the same ultrasound modality. Interrater reproducibility was assessed off‐line from stored 3D US volumes using a standardized technique. Results Five fresh frozen pelves and 44 asymptomatic nulliparae were assessed with 3D‐EVUS. The PB was seen as an ovoid structure of mixed echogenicity between the rectum and vagina. It appeared to be divided into a superficial level, in contact with the external anal sphincter, the bulbospongiousus and the superficial transverse perineii muscle and a deep level, in contact with puboperinealis and puboanalis muscles. Interobserver repeatability was excellent for the measurements of PB height [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) 0.927], PB depth (ICC 0.969) and PB width (ICC 0.932). Conclusion The PB is divided into two levels with different anatomical relationships with the pelvic floor muscles. 3D‐EVUS yields reproducible assessment of this complex structure.