Nitrate reduction to ammonia by enteric bacteria: redundancy, or a strategy for survival during oxygen starvation?

• Published in: FEMS microbiology letters Vol. 136; no. 1; pp. 1 - 11
• Main Author: Cole, Jeff
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.02.1996; Blackwell; Oxford University Press
• Subjects: Ammonia; Ammonia - metabolism; Anaerobic regulation; Anaerobiosis; Animals; Bacteria; Bacteriology; Biological and medical sciences; Changing environments; Coliforms; Complexity; Cytochrome c Group - metabolism; Cytochrome c synthesis; Cytoplasm; Cytoplasm - metabolism; E coli; Electron Transport; Enteric bacteria; Environment; Environmental changes; Escherichia coli - genetics; Escherichia coli - metabolism; Formate dehydrogenase; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Genes, Bacterial; Genetics; Humans; Metabolism. Enzymes; Microbiology; NADH; Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; Nitrate Reductase; Nitrate Reductases - genetics; Nitrate Reductases - metabolism; Nitrate reduction; Nitrates; Nitrates - metabolism; Nitrite reductase; Nitrites; Nitrites - metabolism; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidoreductase; Oxygen; Oxygen - metabolism; Periplasmic nitrate reductase; Reductases; Reduction; Redundancy; Starvation; Survival; Transcription; Cytochrome; synthesis; Anaerobic regulation; Nitrate reductase; Nitrite reductase; Periplasmic nitrate reductase; Enteric bacteria; Enzyme; Escherichia coli; Review; Nitrogen; Metabolism; Survival; Regulation(control); Anaerobe; Bacteria; Oxidoreductases; Enterobacteriaceae; Adaptation
• ISSN: 0378-1097; 1574-6968
• DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08017.x

Abstract Anaerobic metabolism of the simplest, best understood enteric bacteria such as Escherichia coli is unexpectedly complex. Recent studies of the biochemistry and genetics of nitrate reduction via nitrite to ammonia by enteric bacteria have provided insights into the reasons for this complexity. An NADH-dependent nitrite reductase in the cytoplasm works in partnership with the respiratory nitrate reductase on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane when nitrate is abundant. There is also an electrogenic, formate-dependent nitrite reductase ready to work in partnership with a periplasmic nitrate reductase when nitrite is available but nitrate is scarce. A third E. coli nitrate reductase, NarZYWV, and the poorly expressed formate dehydrogenase O possibly facilitate rapid adaptation to oxygen starvation pending the synthesis of the major respiratory formate-nitrate oxidoreductase. Although most anaerobically expressed genes are subject to transcription control, none of them are totally switched off. This enables the bacteria to be ready for a change in fortune: when growing anaerobically with nitrate, they can respond equally rapidly whether times get better with the arrival of oxygen, or get worse when the nitrate is depleted. Far from being redundant, the complexity is essential for survival in a changing environment.