Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, pregnancy, and pregnancy outcome

• Published in: The American journal of clinical nutrition Vol. 71; no. 1; pp. 285S - 291S
• Main Authors: AL, M. D. M, VAN HOUWELINGEN, A. C, HORNSTRA, G
• Format: Conference Proceeding Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Bethesda, MD American Society for Clinical Nutrition 2000; American Society for Clinical Nutrition, Inc
• Subjects: Adult; Arachidonic Acid - blood; Arachidonic Acid - physiology; Biological and medical sciences; Docosahexaenoic Acids - blood; Fatty acids; Fatty Acids, Essential - blood; Fatty Acids, Essential - physiology; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated - blood; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated - physiology; Female; Fetal Blood - chemistry; Fish Oils; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Gravidity; Humans; Hypertension - physiopathology; Infant, Newborn; Lipids; Mother. Fetoplacental unit. Mammary gland. Milk; Nutrition; Parity; Phospholipids - blood; Pregnancy; Pregnancy - physiology; Pregnancy Outcome; Pregnancy, Multiple; Pregnancy. Parturition. Lactation; Vertebrates: reproduction; Pregnancy; Human; Prognosis; Mother; Long chain; Polyunsaturated fatty acid; Lipids; Female; Fetus; Docosahexaenoic acid; Gestational age; Nutritional status
• ISSN: 0002-9165; 1938-3207
• DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/71.1.285S

During pregnancy, essential long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) play important roles as precursors of prostaglandins and as structural elements of cell membranes. Throughout gestation, accretion of maternal, placental, and fetal tissue occurs and consequently the LCPUFA requirements of pregnant women and their developing fetuses are high. This is particularly true for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). The ratio of DHA to its status marker, docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-6), in maternal plasma phospholipids decreases significantly during pregnancy. This suggests that pregnancy is associated with maternal difficulty in coping with the high demand for DHA. The DHA status of newborn multiplets is significantly lower than that of singletons; the same is true for infants of multigravidas as compared with those of primigravidas and for preterm compared with term neonates. Because the LCPUFA status at birth seems to have a long-term effect, the fetus should receive an adequate supply of LCPUFAs. Data from an international comparative study indicated that, especially for n-3 LCPUFAs, the fetus is dependent on maternal fatty acid intake; maternal supplementation with LCPUFAs, their precursors, or both increased LCPUFA concentrations in maternal and umbilical plasma phospholipids. However, significant competition between the 2 LCPUFA families was observed, which implies that effective supplementation requires a mixture of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids. Further research is needed to determine whether higher LCPUFA concentrations in plasma phospholipid will have functional benefits for mothers and children.