Liquid hydrogen: Potential, problems, and a proposed research program

Hydrogen may be stored in gaseous, liquid, slush and solid forms (metal hydrides). Every mode of storage has its advantages and disadvantages in terms of cost, stability, convenience of usage, and energy density. Liquid hydrogen has several advantages over other storage modes, especially in terms of...

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Bibliographic Details
Published inInternational journal of hydrogen energy Vol. 22; no. 7; pp. 683 - 688
Main Authors Sherif, S.A., Zeytinoglu, N., Veziroǧlu, T.N.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Oxford Elsevier Ltd 1997
Elsevier
Subjects
Alternative fuels. Production and utilization
Applied sciences
Energy
Exact sciences and technology
Fuels
Hydrogen
Research program
Hydrogen
Use
Production
Cryogenic storage
Evaporation
Liquid hydrogen
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Summary:Hydrogen may be stored in gaseous, liquid, slush and solid forms (metal hydrides). Every mode of storage has its advantages and disadvantages in terms of cost, stability, convenience of usage, and energy density. Liquid hydrogen has several advantages over other storage modes, especially in terms of energy density and convenience of utilization. However, several problems stand in the way of its large-scale production and long-term storage. This includes problems associated with energy consumed in liquefaction as well as boil-off losses during storage and handling. Boil-off losses occur due to a variety of mechanisms such as ortho-para conversion, thermal stratification and self pressurization, heat leaks, sloshing, and flashing. This paper will review some of the aforementioned problems and discuss some of the prospects of large-scale liquid hydrogen production and utilization. The paper will also outline a research program that can address some of the areas where knowledge is a little deficient.
ISSN:0360-3199
1879-3487
DOI:10.1016/S0360-3199(96)00201-7