Immune competence assessment in marine medaka (Orzyias melastigma)—a holistic approach for immunotoxicology

• Published in: Environmental science and pollution research international Vol. 24; no. 36; pp. 27687 - 27701
• Main Authors: Ye, Roy R., Peterson, Drew R., Seemann, Frauke, Kitamura, Shin-Ichi, Lee, J. S., Lau, Terrance C. K., Tsui, Stephen K. W., Au, Doris W. T.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.12.2017; Springer Verlag
• Subjects: Advances in Toxicity Assessment; Aquatic Pollution; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution; Earth and Environmental Science; Ecotoxicology; Environment; Environmental Chemistry; Environmental Health; Ocean, Atmosphere; Sciences of the Universe; Waste Water Technology; Water Management; Water Pollution Control; Fish immunotoxicology; Immune system histopathology; Blood leukocytes profiles; Sexual dimorphism; Microbial pathogens; Hepatic immune genes; O. melastigma
• ISSN: 0944-1344; 1614-7499
• DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7208-x

Many anthropogenic pollutants in coastal marine environments can induce immune impairments in wild fish and reduce their survival fitness. There is a pressing need to establish sensitive and high throughput in vivo tools to systematically evaluate the immunosuppressive effects of contaminants in marine teleosts. This study reviewed a battery of in vivo immune function detection technologies established for different biological hierarchies at molecular (immune function pathways and genes by next generation sequencing (NGS)), cellular (leukocytes profiles by flow cytometry), tissues/organ system (whole adult histo-array), and organism (host resistance assays (HRAs)) levels, to assess the immune competence of marine medaka Oryzias melastigma . This approach enables a holistic assessment of fish immune competence under different chemical exposure or environmental scenarios. The data obtained will also be useful to unravel the underlying immunotoxic mechanisms. Intriguingly, NGS analysis of hepatic immune gene expression profiles (male > female) are in support of the bacterial HRA findings, in which infection-induced mortality was consistently higher in females than in males. As such, reproductive stages and gender-specific responses must be taken into consideration when assessing the risk of immunotoxicants in the aquatic environment. The distinct phenotypic sexual dimorphism and short generation time (3 months) of marine medaka offer additional advantages for sex-related immunotoxicological investigation.