Nanomaterials: the next step in injectable bone cements

• Published in: Nanomedicine (London, England) Vol. 9; no. 11; pp. 1745 - 1764
• Main Authors: No, Young Jung, Roohani-Esfahani, Seyed-iman, Zreiqat, Hala
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Future Medicine Ltd 01.08.2014; Future Medicine
• Subjects: Anti-Bacterial Agents - administration & dosage; bioactive materials; Biocompatible Materials - chemistry; Biological and medical sciences; Biotechnology; Bone cements; Bone Cements - chemistry; Bone Regeneration - drug effects; Bone Screws; Bone Substitutes - chemistry; bone tissue engineering; Calcium Compounds - chemistry; Calcium Phosphates - chemistry; Cross-disciplinary physics: materials science; rheology; Elasticity; Exact sciences and technology; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Health. Pharmaceutical industry; Humans; Industrial applications and implications. Economical aspects; injectable bone cement; injectable materials; Innovations; Materials science; Materials Testing; Medical research; Medical sciences; Miscellaneous; nanocomposites; Nanomedicine - methods; Nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication and characterization; Nanostructures - chemistry; Nanotechnology; Nanotubes, Carbon - chemistry; Necrosis; Orthopedic implants; Orthopedic surgery; Osteoporosis - drug therapy; Physics; Polymethyl Methacrylate - chemistry; Porosity; Silicates - chemistry; Surface Properties; Surgery (general aspects). Transplantations, organ and tissue grafts. Graft diseases; Tensile Strength; Injectable form; Tissue engineering; bone tissue engineering; Bone tissues; Bioactive material; injectable materials; bioactive materials; injectable bone cement; Osteoarticular system; Biomedical materials; Reviews; Composite materials; Nanocomposites; Man; Bone; Nanomedicine; Bone substitute; nanocomposites
• ISSN: 1743-5889; 1748-6963
• DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.109

Injectable bone cements (IBCs) are biocompatible materials that can be used as bone defect fillers in maxillofacial surgeries and in orthopedic fracture treatment in order to augment weakened bone due to osteoporosis. Current clinically available IBCs, such as polymethylmethacrylate and calcium phosphate cement, have certain advantages; however, they possess several drawbacks that prevent them from gaining universal acceptance. New gel-based injectable materials have also been developed, but these are too mechanically weak for load-bearing applications. Recent research has focused on improving various injectable materials using nanomaterials in order to render them suitable for bone tissue regeneration. This article outlines the requirements of IBCs, the advantages and limitations of currently available IBCs and the state-of-the-art developments that have demonstrated the effects of nanomaterials within injectable systems.