Individual Variation in Alcohol Intake Predicts Reinforcement, Motivation, and Compulsive Alcohol Use in Rats

• Published in: Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research Vol. 39; no. 12; pp. 2427 - 2437
• Main Authors: Spoelder, Marcia, Hesseling, Peter, Baars, Annemarie M., Lozeman-van 't Klooster, José G., Rotte, Marthe D., Vanderschuren, Louk J. M. J., Lesscher, Heidi M. B.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.12.2015; Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
• Subjects: Addiction-Like Behavior; Alcohol Drinking - blood; Alcohol Drinking - psychology; Alcohol Intake; Animals; Compulsive Behavior - blood; Compulsive Behavior - psychology; Conditioning, Operant - drug effects; Conditioning, Operant - physiology; Individual Differences; Male; Motivation - drug effects; Motivation - physiology; Predictive Value of Tests; Rats; Reinforcement; Reinforcement (Psychology); Self Administration; Addiction-Like Behavior; Rats; Reinforcement; Individual Differences; Alcohol Intake
• ISSN: 0145-6008; 1530-0277
• DOI: 10.1111/acer.12891

Background Alcohol is one of the most commonly used psychoactive substances. Prolonged alcohol use can result in alcohol use disorder (AUD), characterized by excessive and compulsive alcohol consumption. Importantly, however, the development of AUD only happens in a minority of individuals who consume alcohol. To understand the individual vulnerability for AUD, models that capture both the individual variability in alcohol consumption and the transition from casual to compulsive alcohol use are essential. Methods Individual variability in voluntary alcohol intake and the preference for alcohol were assessed under continuous alcohol access (CAA) and intermittent‐every‐other‐day alcohol access (IAA) schedules in the home cage using outbred Lister Hooded rats. Subsequently, the reinforcing properties of alcohol were tested in an operant setting. In subsequent experiments, we performed a quinine adulteration experiment to assess inflexible alcohol consumption and blood alcohol levels (BALs) were assessed after voluntary alcohol consumption. Results We found marked individual differences in alcohol consumption and preference under both access schedules, whereby subgroups of high‐ and low‐alcohol‐drinking rats (HD and LD) could be identified. HD with IAA increased their alcohol intake over days in the first month, whereas LD did not. Moreover, when alcohol access time was extended from 7 to 24 h/d for rats with IAA, alcohol intake profoundly increased in HD with IAA, whereas LD with IAA maintained low levels of alcohol intake. Furthermore, HD earned more alcohol than LD under both fixed ratio and progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement. We further found that HD continued their intake of a quinine‐adulterated alcohol solution to a larger extent than LD and HD showed higher BALs after 30 minutes of alcohol consumption. Conclusions These profound individual differences in alcohol intake, reinforcement, motivation, and AUD‐like behavior provide a promising tool to unravel the neurobehavioral underpinnings of individual vulnerability for AUD.