Association of Gangrenous, Suppurative, and Exudative Findings With Outcomes and Resource Utilization in Children With Nonperforated Appendicitis

• Published in: JAMA surgery Vol. 157; no. 8; pp. 685 - 692
• Main Authors: Cramm, Shannon L, Lipskar, Aaron M, Graham, Dionne A, Kunisaki, Shaun M, Griggs, Cornelia L, Allukian, Myron, Russell, Robert T, Chandler, Nicole M, Santore, Matthew T, Aronowitz, Danielle I, Blakely, Martin L, Campbell, Brendan, Collins, Devon T, Commander, Sarah J, Cowles, Robert A, DeFazio, Jennifer R, Echols, Justice C, Esparaz, Joseph R, Feng, Christina, Guyer, Richard A, Hanna, David N, He, Katherine, Kahan, Anastasia M, Keane, Olivia A, Lamoshi, Abdulraouf, Lopez, Carla M, McLean, Sean E, Pace, Elizabeth, Regan, Maia D, Scholz, Stefan, Tracy, Elisabeth T, Williams, Sasha A, Zhang, Lucy, Rangel, Shawn J
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States American Medical Association 01.08.2022
• Subjects: Appendectomy - adverse effects; Appendectomy - methods; Appendicitis - complications; Appendicitis - surgery; Child; Cohort Studies; Gangrene - complications; Humans; Length of Stay; Online First; Original Investigation; Retrospective Studies; Suppuration - complications; Surgical Wound Infection - epidemiology; Surgical Wound Infection - etiology; Treatment Outcome
• ISSN: 2168-6254; 2168-6262
• DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2022.1928

The clinical significance of gangrenous, suppurative, or exudative (GSE) findings is poorly characterized in children with nonperforated appendicitis. To evaluate whether GSE findings in children with nonperforated appendicitis are associated with increased risk of surgical site infections and resource utilization. This multicenter cohort study used data from the Appendectomy Targeted Database of the American College of Surgeons Pediatric National Surgical Quality Improvement Program, which were augmented with operative report data obtained by supplemental medical record review. Data were obtained from 15 hospitals participating in the Eastern Pediatric Surgery Network (EPSN) research consortium. The study cohort comprised children (aged ≤18 years) with nonperforated appendicitis who underwent appendectomy from July 1, 2015, to June 30, 2020. The presence of GSE findings was established through standardized, keyword-based audits of operative reports by EPSN surgeons. Interrater agreement for the presence or absence of GSE findings was evaluated in a random sample of 900 operative reports. The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative surgical site infections (incisional and organ space infections). Secondary outcomes included rates of hospital revisits, postoperative abdominal imaging, and postoperative length of stay. Multivariable mixed-effects regression was used to adjust measures of association for patient characteristics and clustering within hospitals. Among 6133 children with nonperforated appendicitis, 867 (14.1%) had GSE findings identified from operative report review (hospital range, 4.2%-30.2%; P < .001). Reviewers agreed on presence or absence of GSE findings in 93.3% of cases (weighted κ, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.86-0.92). In multivariable analysis, GSE findings were associated with increased odds of any surgical site infection (4.3% vs 2.2%; odds ratio [OR], 1.91; 95% CI, 1.35-2.71; P < .001), organ space infection (2.8% vs 1.1%; OR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.30-3.67; P = .003), postoperative imaging (5.8% vs 3.7%; OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.23-2.36; P = .002), and prolonged mean postoperative length of stay (1.6 vs 0.9 days; rate ratio, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.32-1.54; P < .001). In children with nonperforated appendicitis, findings of gangrene, suppuration, or exudate are associated with increased surgical site infections and resource utilization. Further investigation is needed to establish the role and duration of postoperative antibiotics and inpatient management to optimize outcomes in this cohort of children.