92 Mb/s Fat-Intrabody Communication (Fat-IBC) With Low-Cost WLAN Hardware

• Published in: IEEE transactions on biomedical engineering Vol. 71; no. 1; pp. 89 - 96
• Main Authors: Rangaiah, Pramod K. B., Engstrand, Johan, Johansson, Ted, Perez, Mauricio D., Augustine, Robin
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States IEEE 01.01.2024; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Antenna measurements; Antennas; Bit error rate; bit error rate (BER); Body area networks; Body area networks (BAN); body sensor networks (BSN); Computers; Couplings; Data communication; Fats; Hardware; Human body; Humans; intrabody communication (IBC); Low cost; Microwave transmission; Muscles; Phantoms; Phantoms, Imaging; Prostheses and Implants; S parameters; Signal to noise ratio; signal-to-noise ratio (SNR); Skin; Waveguides; Wireless communication; Wireless communications; Wireless Technology; WLAN
• ISSN: 0018-9294; 1558-2531; 1558-2531
• DOI: 10.1109/TBME.2023.3292405

The human subcutaneous fat layer, skin and muscle together act as a waveguide for microwave transmissions and provide a low-loss communication medium for implantable and wearable body area networks (BAN). In this work, fat-intrabody communication (Fat-IBC) as a human body-centric wireless communication link is explored. To reach a target 64 Mb/s inbody communication, wireless LAN in the 2.4 GHz band was tested using low-cost Raspberry Pi single-board computers. The link was characterized using scattering parameters, bit error rate (BER) for different modulation schemes, and IEEE 802.11n wireless communication using inbody (implanted) and onbody (on the skin) antenna combinations. The human body was emulated by phantoms of different lengths. All measurements were done in a shielded chamber to isolate the phantoms from external interference and to suppress unwanted transmission paths. The BER measurements show that, except when using dual on-body antennas with longer phantoms, the Fat-IBC link is very linear and can handle modulations as complex as 512-QAM without any significant degradation of the BER. For all antenna combinations and phantoms lengths, link speeds of 92 Mb/s were achieved using 40 MHz bandwidth provided by the IEEE 802.11n standard in the 2.4 GHz band. This speed is most likely limited by the used radio circuits, not the Fat-IBC link. The results show that Fat-IBC, using low-cost off-the-shelf hardware and established IEEE 802.11 wireless communication, can achieve high-speed data communication within the body. The obtained data rate is among the fastest measured with intrabody communication.