Biointeractivity-related versus chemi/physisorption-related apatite precursor-forming ability of current root end filling materials

• Published in: Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials Vol. 101; no. 7; pp. 1107 - 1123
• Main Authors: Gandolfi, Maria Giovanna, Taddei, Paola, Modena, Enrico, Siboni, Francesco, Prati, Carlo
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Hoboken, NJ Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.10.2013; Wiley-Blackwell
• Subjects: amorphous calcium phosphate; apatite precursors; apatite precursors, epigenetic signals; bioactivity; bioapatites; biointeractivity; Biological and medical sciences; Biomedical materials; Calcium; Calcium phosphate; calcium release; calcium-silicate cements; Cements; Deposition; epigenetic signals; Humans; hydroxyl ion release; IRM; Isotonic Solutions - chemistry; Materials Testing; Medical sciences; mineral trioxide aggregate; MTA Angelus; Precursors; ProRoot MTA; Root Canal Filling Materials - chemistry; root end filling materials; Roots; Soaking; Spectrum Analysis; Superseal; Surgery (general aspects). Transplantations, organ and tissue grafts. Graft diseases; Surgical implants; Tech Biosealer root end; Technology. Biomaterials. Equipments; Time Factors; tricalcium silicate; Vitrebond; ProRoot MTA; Calcium; IRM; Vitrebond; Tech Biosealer root end; calcium-silicate cements; Inorganic element; root end filling materials; tricalcium silicate; Calcium silicate; Calcium Phosphates; biointeractivity; epigenetic signals; Biomaterial; Release; Biomedical engineering; Rootfilling; amorphous calcium phosphate; apatite precursors; Forming; Calcium phosphate; Biological activity; hydroxyl ion release; Superseal; MTA Angelus; bioactivity; calcium release; Cement; Epigenetics; Apatite; mineral trioxide aggregate; bioapatites; Comparative study; Hydroxyl; apatite precursors, epigenetic signals
• ISSN: 1552-4973; 1552-4981
• DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.32920

Commercial root end filling materials, namely two zinc oxide eugenol‐based cements [intermediate restorative material (IRM), Superseal], a glass ionomer cement (Vitrebond) and three calcium‐silicate mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)‐based cements (ProRoot MTA, MTA Angelus, and Tech Biosealer root end), were examined for their ability to: (a) release calcium (Ca2+) and hydroxyl (OH−) ions (biointeractivity) and (b) form apatite (Ap) and/or calcium phosphate (CaP) precursors. Materials were immersed in Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS) for 1–28 days. Ca2+ and OH− release were measured by ion selective probes, surface analysis was performed by environmental scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, micro‐Raman, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. IRM and Superseal released small quantities of Ca2+ and no OH− ions. Uneven sparse nonapatitic Ca‐poor amorphous CaP (ACP) deposits were observed after 24 h soaking. Vitrebond did not release either Ca2+ or OH− ions, but uneven nonapatitic Ca‐poor CaP deposits were detected after 7 days soaking. ProRoot MTA, MTA Angelus, and Tech Biosealer root end released significant amounts of Ca2+ and OH− ions throughout the experiment. After 1 day soaking, nanospherulites of CaP deposits formed by amorphous calcium/magnesium phosphate (ACP) Ap precursors were detected. A more mature ACP phase was present on ProRoot MTA and on Tech Biosealer root end at all times. In conclusion, zinc oxide and glass ionomer cements had little or no ability to release mineralizing ions: they simply act as substrates for the possible chemical bonding/adsorption of environmental ions and precipitation of nonapatitic Ca‐poor ACP deposits. On the contrary, calcium‐silicate cements showed a high calcium release and basifying effect and generally a pronounced formation of more mature ACP apatitic precursors correlated with their higher ion‐releasing ability. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 101B: 1107–1123, 2013.