Evaluating feature combination strategies for hate-speech detection in Spanish using linguistic features and transformers

• Published in: Complex & intelligent systems Vol. 9; no. 3; pp. 2893 - 2914
• Main Authors: García-Díaz, José Antonio, Jiménez-Zafra, Salud María, García-Cumbreras, Miguel Angel, Valencia-García, Rafael
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Cham Springer International Publishing 01.06.2023; Springer Nature B.V; Springer
• Subjects: Complexity; Computational Intelligence; Data Structures and Information Theory; Engineering; Feature engineering; Hate-speech; Knowledge integration; Linguistics; Natural language processing; Non-English languages; Original Article; Social networks; Speech; Text classification; Transformers; Natural language processing; Hate-speech; Feature engineering; Knowledge integration; Text classification
• ISSN: 2199-4536; 2198-6053
• DOI: 10.1007/s40747-022-00693-x

The rise of social networks has allowed misogynistic, xenophobic, and homophobic people to spread their hate-speech to intimidate individuals or groups because of their gender, ethnicity or sexual orientation. The consequences of hate-speech are devastating, causing severe depression and even leading people to commit suicide. Hate-speech identification is challenging as the large amount of daily publications makes it impossible to review every comment by hand. Moreover, hate-speech is also spread by hoaxes that requires language and context understanding. With the aim of reducing the number of comments that should be reviewed by experts, or even for the development of autonomous systems, the automatic identification of hate-speech has gained academic relevance. However, the reliability of automatic approaches is still limited specifically in languages other than English, in which some of the state-of-the-art techniques have not been analyzed in detail. In this work, we examine which features are most effective in identifying hate-speech in Spanish and how these features can be combined to develop more accurate systems. In addition, we characterize the language present in each type of hate-speech by means of explainable linguistic features and compare our results with state-of-the-art approaches. Our research indicates that combining linguistic features and transformers by means of knowledge integration outperforms current solutions regarding hate-speech identification in Spanish.