The risk may not be limited to flooding: polluted flood sediments pose a human health threat to the unaware public

• Published in: Environmental sciences Europe Vol. 35; no. 1; pp. 58 - 19
• Main Authors: Weber, Alexandra, Wolf, Stefanie, Becker, Nadine, Märker-Neuhaus, Leonie, Bellanova, Piero, Brüll, Catrina, Hollert, Henner, Klopries, Elena-Maria, Schüttrumpf, Holger, Lehmkuhl, Frank
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 28.07.2023; Springer Nature B.V; SpringerOpen
• Subjects: Cadmium; Catchments; Climate change; Contamination; Copper; Dust; Earth and Environmental Science; Ecotoxicology; Enrichment; Environment; Environmental risk; Extreme values; Flood mapping; Flood-related sediment deposition; Flooding; Floods; Health hazards; Health risks; Health services; Ingestion; Inhalation; July 2021 flood; Lead; Local population; Medical personnel; Metal concentrations; Particulate matter; Pollution; Pollution sources; Public health risk; Respiration; Sediments; Soil contamination; Tin; Trace elements; Trace metals; Zinc; July 2021 flood; Dust; Flood-related sediment deposition; Contamination; Trace metals; Public health risk
• ISSN: 2190-4715; 2190-4715
• DOI: 10.1186/s12302-023-00765-w

Background Because of global climate change, extreme flood events are expected to increase in quantity and intensity in the upcoming decades. In catchments affected by ore mining, flooding leads to the deposition of fine sediments enriched in trace metal(loid)s. Depending on their concentration, trace metal(loid)s can be a health hazard. Therefore, exposure of the local population to flood sediments, either by ingestion (covering direct ingestion and consuming food grown on these sediments) or via inhalation of dried sediments contributing to atmospheric particulate matter, is of concern. Results The extreme flood of July 2021 deposited large amounts of sediment across the town of Eschweiler (western Germany), with the inundation area exceeding previously mapped extreme flood limits (HQ extreme ). These sediments are rich in fine material (with the < 63 µm fraction making up 32% to 96%), which either can stick to the skin and be ingested or inhaled. They are moderately to heavily enriched in Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd > Sn compared to local background concentrations. The concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu, and As in flood sediments exceed international trigger action values. A simple assessment of inhalation and ingestion by humans reveals that the tolerable daily intake is exceeded for Pb. Despite the enrichment of other trace elements like Zn, Cu, Cd, and Sn, they presumably do not pose a risk to human well-being. However, exposure to high dust concentrations may be a health risk. Conclusions In conclusion, flood sediments, especially in catchments impacted by mining, may pose a risk to the affected public. Hence, we propose to (I) improve the flood mapping by incorporating potential pollution sources; (II) extend warning messages to incorporate specific guidance; (III) use appropriate clean-up strategies in the aftermath of such flooding events; (IV) provide medical support, and (V) clue the public and medical professionals in on this topic accordingly. Graphical Abstract