Oral Mucosal Immunity and HIV/SIV Infection

• Published in: Journal of Dental Research Vol. 86; no. 3; pp. 216 - 226
• Main Authors: Lü, F.X., Jacobson, R.S.
• Format: Book Review Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States SAGE Publications 01.03.2007; SAGE PUBLICATIONS, INC
• Subjects: Animals; Antibody Formation; Dentistry; Haplorhini; HIV Infections - immunology; HIV-1 - immunology; HIV-1 - pathogenicity; Human immunodeficiency virus; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal - physiology; Immunization; Mouth Mucosa - blood supply; Mouth Mucosa - immunology; Palatine Tonsil - immunology; Saliva - immunology; Salivary Glands - immunology; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - immunology; Simian immunodeficiency virus; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus - immunology; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus - pathogenicity; saliva; salivary glands; HIV/SIV; oral mucosa; palatine tonsil
• ISSN: 0022-0345; 1544-0591
• DOI: 10.1177/154405910708600305

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) transmission through genital and rectal mucosa has led to intensive study of mucosal immune responses to HIV and to the development of a vaccine administered locally. However, HIV transmission through the oral mucosa is a rare event. The oral mucosa represents a physical barrier and contains immunological elements to prevent the invasion of pathogenic organisms. This particular defense differs between micro-compartments represented by the salivary glands, oral mucosa, and palatine tonsils. Secretory immunity of the salivary glands, unique features of cellular structure in the oral mucosa and palatine tonsils, the high rate of oral blood flow, and innate factors in saliva may all contribute to the resistance to HIV/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) oral mucosal infection. In the early stage of HIV infection, humoral and cellular immunity and innate immune functions in oral mucosa are maintained. However, these particular immune responses may all be impaired as a result of chronic HIV infection. A better understanding of oral mucosal immune mechanisms should lead to improved prevention of viral and bacterial infections, particularly in immunocompromised persons with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), and to the development of a novel strategy for a mucosal AIDS vaccine, as well as vaccines to combat other oral diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal diseases.