Emulsification microextraction of amphetamine and methamphetamine in complex matrices using an up-to-date generation of eco-friendly and relatively hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent

•A new bio-compatible deep eutectic solvent was introduced.•ChCl:Ph-ETOH proceeded amphetamine-type stimulants microextraction properly.•Facile synthesis alongside emulsifier-less microextraction is impressive.•Analyses of therapeutic/potentially toxic domains were successfully practicable. In this...

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Bibliographic Details
Published inJournal of Chromatography A Vol. 1576; pp. 1 - 9
Main Authors Rajabi, Maryam, Ghassab, Nooshin, Hemmati, Maryam, Asghari, Alireza
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Netherlands Elsevier B.V 16.11.2018
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Summary:•A new bio-compatible deep eutectic solvent was introduced.•ChCl:Ph-ETOH proceeded amphetamine-type stimulants microextraction properly.•Facile synthesis alongside emulsifier-less microextraction is impressive.•Analyses of therapeutic/potentially toxic domains were successfully practicable. In this study, a new extraction medium based on a quite bio-compatible and bio-degradable deep eutectic solvent comprising choline chloride and phenylethanol (ChCl: Ph-ETOH) was simply and cheaply synthesized at room temperature. At the next step, it was effectively utilized at the service of air agitated-emulsification microextraction (AA-EME) of two major amphetamine-type stimulants (ATSs) in human plasma and pharmaceutical wastewater pursued by high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV). This safe, effective, and rapid enrichment process based on the new low-density DES was easily practicable via a homemade extraction cell possessing a narrow neck and with no extra demand the emulsifier intermediates. Statistical study of main parameters effects using central composite design (CCD) combined with desirability function (DF) demonstrated that pH 12, 250 μL of extraction solvent, 8 air agitation cycles, and 5% of salt amount resulted in maximum extraction efficiencies (63–66%) with DF value close to 0.98. Under optimal conditions, wide linear dynamic ranges (LDRs) of 15.0–2000 and 8.0–3000 ng mL−1 with the determination coefficients (R2s) close to 0.99 were obtainable for amphetamine and methamphetamine, respectively. Low limits of detection (LODs) as well as relative standard deviations (%RSDs, n = 3) were found to be 2.0–5.0 ng mL−1 and 5.7–7.8%, respectively. Also, enrichment factors (EFs) were quantitative in the span of 47–50. On the other hand, satisfactory and accurate assessment at low levels close to therapeutic and toxic domains in human plasma sample and pharmaceutical wastewater was successfully obtained.
ISSN:0021-9673
1873-3778
DOI:10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.040