Incorporating Satellite Observations of "No Rain" in an Australian Daily Rainfall Analysis

• Published in: Journal of applied meteorology (1988) Vol. 38; no. 1; pp. 44 - 56
• Main Authors: Ebert, Elizabeth E., Weymouth, Gary T.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Boston, MA American Meteorological Society 01.01.1999
• Subjects: Artificial satellites; Climate models; Clouds; Earth, ocean, space; Error rates; Exact sciences and technology; External geophysics; Geophysics. Techniques, methods, instrumentation and models; Geostationary satellites; Meteorology; Observational research; Rain; Rain gauges; Surface temperature; Australia; Oceania; Satellite observation; Rain; Analysis method; Spatial variation; Algorithm
• ISSN: 0894-8763; 1520-0450
• DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1999)038<0044:ISOONR>2.0.CO;2

Geostationary satellite observations can be used to distinguish potential rain-bearing clouds from nonraining areas, thereby providing surrogate observations of "no rain" over large areas. The advantages of including such observations are the provision of data in regions void of conventional rain gauges or radars, as well as the improved delineation of raining from nonraining areas in gridded rainfall analyses. This paper describes a threshold algorithm for delineating nonraining areas using the difference between the daily minimum infrared brightness temperature and the climatological minimum surface temperature. Using a fixed difference threshold of –13 K, the accuracy of "no rain" detection (defined as the percentage of no-rain diagnoses that was correct) was 98%. The average spatial coverage was 45%, capturing about half of the observed space–time frequency of no rain over Australia. By delineating cool, moderate, and warm threshold areas, the average spatial coverage was increased to 54% while maintaining the same level of accuracy. The satellite no-rain observations were sampled to a density6 consistent with the existing gauge network, then added to the real-time gauge observations and analyzed using the Bureau of Meteorology's operational three-pass Barnes objective rainfall analysis scheme. When verified against independent surface rainfall observations, the mean bias in the satellite-augmented analyses was roughly half of bias in the gauge-only analyses. The most noticeable impact of the additional satellite observations was a 66% reduction in the size of the data-void regions.