Anthocyanin Supplementation Improves HDL-Associated Paraoxonase 1 Activity and Enhances Cholesterol Efflux Capacity in Subjects With Hypercholesterolemia

• Published in: The journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism Vol. 99; no. 2; pp. 561 - 569
• Main Authors: Zhu, Yanna, Huang, Xiuwei, Zhang, Yuhua, Wang, Yun, Liu, Yan, Sun, Ruifang, Xia, Min
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Bethesda, MD Oxford University Press 01.02.2014; Copyright by The Endocrine Society; Endocrine Society
• Subjects: Anthocyanins; Anthocyanins - therapeutic use; Antioxidants; Aryldialkylphosphatase - metabolism; Biological and medical sciences; Cholesterol; Cholesterol - blood; Cholesterol, HDL - blood; Dietary Supplements; Double-Blind Method; Endocrinopathies; Feeding. Feeding behavior; Female; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; High density lipoprotein; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Hypercholesterolemia - blood; Hypercholesterolemia - drug therapy; Hypercholesterolemia - enzymology; Lipid peroxidation; Lipoproteins; Male; Medical sciences; Middle Aged; Paraoxonase; Paraoxonase 1; Placebos; Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems; Vertebrates: endocrinology; Human; Obesity; Nutrition; Enzyme; Nutrition disorder; Lipids; Activity; Metabolic diseases; Esterases; Hyperlipoproteinemia; Cholesterol; Phosphoric triester hydrolases; Improvement; Hypercholesterolemia; Hydrolases; Aryldialkylphosphatase; Supplementation; Dyslipemia; Lipoprotein HDL; Endocrinology; Nutritional status
• ISSN: 0021-972X; 1945-7197; 1945-7197
• DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-2845

Context and Objective:Paraoxonase 1 (PON1), an enzyme associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL-PON1), is reported to have antioxidant and cardioprotective properties. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of anthocyanins on the HDL-PON1 activity and cholesterol efflux capacity in hypercholesterolemic subjects.Design and Participants:A total of 122 hypercholesterolemic subjects were given 160 mg of anthocyanins twice daily or placebo (n = 61 of each group) for 24 weeks in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Participants and investigators were masked to treatment allocation.Results:Anthocyanin consumption significantly increased HDL cholesterol and decreased low -density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations compared with placebo (P < .018 and P < .001, respectively). Anthocyanin supplementation also increased the activity of HDL-PON1 compared with placebo (P < .001). Furthermore, cholesterol efflux capacity was increased more in the anthocyanin group (20.0% increase) than in the placebo group (0.2% increase) (P < .001). The negative correlations established between HDL-PON1 activity and the levels of lipid hydroperoxides associated with HDL confirm the relationship between PON1 activity and lipid peroxidation of lipoproteins. Furthermore, a strong positive correlation was noted between increased HDL-PON1 activity and improved cholesterol efflux capacity both before and after adjustment for HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein AI in anthocyanin-treated subjects (both P < .001). Inhibition of HDL-PON1 activity strongly prevented the antioxidant ability of HDL and attenuated the cholesterol efflux capacity of subjects from anthocyanin group.Conclusions:Our observations suggest that the alterations of PON1 activity by anthocyanin observed in hypercholesterolemic HDL reflect a shift to an improvement of cholesterol efflux capacity of HDL and may provide a link between anthocyanin and cardioprotective effects.