High-frequency neurostimulation of the right inferior parietal cortex alters the sense of agency: Results from tACS/tRNS and rTMS-EEG studies

• Published in: NeuroImage (Orlando, Fla.) Vol. 318; p. 121364
• Main Authors: Bečev, O., Laskov, O., Bakštein, E., Štrobl, J., Hubený, J., Biačková, N., Schlezingerová, N., Novák, T., Mohr, P., Klírová, M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01.09.2025; Elsevier Limited
• Subjects: Cortex (parietal); EEG; Electroencephalography; Experiments; Feedback; Gamma oscillations; Inferior parietal lobule; Magnetic fields; Oscillations; Questionnaires; Radiology/Diagnostic Imaging; rTMS; Sense of agency; Sensorimotor system; tACS; Temporo-parietal junction; Transcranial magnetic stimulation; Temporo-parietal junction; EEG; tACS; Inferior parietal lobule; Gamma oscillations; rTMS; Sense of agency
• ISSN: 1053-8119; 1095-9572; 1095-9572
• DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121364

•tACS, tRMS, rTMS, and EEG were used to investigate the causal mechanisms of SoA.•Gamma-band (60 Hz) tACS enhanced the detection of non-self agency.•High-frequency (20 Hz) rTMS impaired detection of non-self agency and reduced SoA.•Right IPL is crucial for SoA arising from real-time sensorimotor mismatch comparison. Sense of agency (SoA) is the subjective experience of causing and controlling one’s actions. Recent studies have linked SoA to gamma-band oscillations in the right inferior parietal lobule (IPL) and suggest that it can be modulated through external interventions using neurostimulation techniques. This study aims to provide evidence for a causal role of the right IPL in SoA using multiple noninvasive brain stimulation methods (NIBS), electroencephalography (EEG), and a feedback manipulation task. In two experiments, we investigated the effect of gamma band (60 Hz) transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), low-frequency (1 Hz) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), and high-frequency (10 Hz, 20 Hz) rTMS over the right IPL. As anticipated, gamma band tACS and high-frequency rTMS had distinct effects on SoA. Gamma band tACS enhanced the detection of non-self agency, while high-frequency rTMS impaired this capacity and reduced the overall SoA. EEG spectral analysis confirmed the impact of stimulation on the right IPL and highlighted the role of beta band oscillations. Using the largest subject pool to date, our study provides causal evidence for the crucial role of the right IPL in processing SoA, particularly in detecting non-self agency arising from real-time sensorimotor mismatch comparison. Our findings suggest that external stimulation affects the comparator mechanism, rather than introducing prediction errors as previously proposed, and support the view that the right IPL is more closely associated with the implicit feeling of agency rather than with higher cognitive processes.