Persistent calyces increase floral longevity and female fitness in Salvia miltiorrhiza (Lamiaceae)

• Published in: AoB plants Vol. 14; no. 2; p. plac004
• Main Authors: Li, Deng-Fei, Yu, Yan, Yang, Hao-Jin, Yan, Xian-Chun
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: US Oxford University Press 01.04.2022
• Subjects: Studies; nectar robber; Fruit set; persistent calyx; pollination; seed mass; Salvia
• ISSN: 2041-2851; 2041-2851
• DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plac004

Abstract The evolution of persistent calyces may be an adaptation to ensure reproductive success of certain flowering plants. However, experimental evidence of the functions of persistent calyces during flowering and seed development remains scarce. We explored the possible functions of persistent calyces in Salvia miltiorrhiza, a perennial herb with campanulate calyx. We conducted calyx manipulation experiments to examine whether persistent calyces affect visitation rates of nectar robbers and pollinators, individual flower longevity, fruit set, seed set and seed mass. Our findings suggested that shortening of the calyx significantly decreased individual flower longevity, fruit set and seed mass, but did not affect visitation of pollinators and nectar robbers. In addition, the seed set of control flowers and the flowers with calyx shortened at the beginning of fruiting stage (CSF flowers) did not significantly differ, but both were higher than that of the flowers with calyx shortened at the beginning of blooming stage (CSB flowers). The seed set and fruit set of CSB flowers were limited by pollination due to the reduction in floral longevity. We conclude that persistent calyces of S. miltiorrhiza may represent adaptive strategies to maintain floral longevity and increase plant fitness. Persistent calyces may provide protection for the growth of flowers and contribute resources to the development of fruits and seeds. Floral traits mainly function during flowering, while the calyces of some plant species persist well beyond completion of anthesis, often until fruit maturation. We conducted calyx manipulation (shortening of the calyx) experiments to explore the possible functions of persistent calyces in Salvia miltiorrhiza, a perennial herb with a campanulate calyx. Our results suggested that persistent calyces of S. miltiorrhiza may provide protection for the growth of flowers after they have emerged fully from the buds and contribute resources (such as carbon, energy, etc.) to the development of fruits and seeds.