Nanoporous metal/oxide hybrid electrodes for electrochemical supercapacitors

• Published in: Nature nanotechnology Vol. 6; no. 4; pp. 232 - 236
• Main Authors: Lang, Xingyou, Hirata, Akihiko, Fujita, Takeshi, Chen, Mingwei
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 01.04.2011; Nature Publishing Group
• Subjects: 639/925/357/551; 639/925/357/995; Chemistry and Materials Science; Conductivity; Electric power; Electrochemistry; Electrodes; Electrolytes; Electron microscopes; Energy storage; Gold; letter; Materials Science; Nanocrystals; Nanotechnology; Nanotechnology and Microengineering; Plating; Spectrum analysis
• ISSN: 1748-3387; 1748-3395; 1748-3395
• DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2011.13

Electrochemical supercapacitors can deliver high levels of electrical power and offer long operating lifetimes 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , but their energy storage density is too low for many important applications 2 , 3 . Pseudocapacitive transition-metal oxides such as MnO 2 could be used to make electrodes in such supercapacitors, because they are predicted to have a high capacitance for storing electrical charge while also being inexpensive and not harmful to the environment 9 , 10 . However, the poor conductivity of MnO 2 (10 –5 –10 –6  S cm –1 ) limits the charge/discharge rate for high-power applications 10 , 11 . Here, we show that hybrid structures made of nanoporous gold and nanocrystalline MnO 2 have enhanced conductivity, resulting in a specific capacitance of the constituent MnO 2 (∼1,145 F g –1 ) that is close to the theoretical value 9 . The nanoporous gold allows electron transport through the MnO 2 , and facilitates fast ion diffusion between the MnO 2 and the electrolytes while also acting as a double-layer capacitor. The high specific capacitances and charge/discharge rates offered by such hybrid structures make them promising candidates as electrodes in supercapacitors, combining high-energy storage densities with high levels of power delivery. Hybrid structures made of nanoporous gold and nanocrystalline manganese dioxide offer high specific capacitances and high charge–discharge rates, which makes them promising candidates for the electrode materials in electrochemical supercapacitors.