Traumatic injury risk and agricultural transitions: A view from the American Southeast and beyond

• Published in: American journal of physical anthropology Vol. 162; no. 1; pp. 120 - 142
• Main Authors: Lambert, Patricia M., Welker, Martin H.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.01.2017
• Subjects: Adult; Agricultural production; Agriculture; Agriculture - history; Anthropology, Physical; bioarchaeology; Bone and Bones - injuries; Child, Preschool; Farming; Female; Fractures, Bone - history; Health risk assessment; History, 15th Century; History, Ancient; History, Medieval; Humans; injury risk; Male; postcranial fractures; prehistoric health; Southeastern United States; Young Adult; agriculture; prehistoric health; postcranial fractures; injury risk; bioarchaeology
• ISSN: 0002-9483; 1096-8644; 2692-7691
• DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23103

Objectives Bioarchaeological research has documented a general decline in health with the transition from foraging to farming, primarily with respect to changing patterns of morbidity. Less is known about changes in injury risk, an aspect of health more obviously tied to particular landscapes and behaviors associated with different subsistence regimes. The purpose of this research is to evaluate several hypotheses emerging from the ideal free distribution model (Fretwell & Lucas, ) that predict injury risk based on subsistence‐specific practices and land use patterns. Materials and Methods Postcranial fracture frequencies for long bones and clavicles in human skeletal remains from three Southeast U.S. regions permit examination of variability in injury risk among low‐intensity (floodplain) farmers. Published data on six hunter‐gatherer samples, four low‐intensity agriculturalist samples, and six high‐intensity agriculturalist samples comprise a comparative sample for examining variability in injury risk across three distinct subsistence traditions. Differences are evaluated using Z scores and the Fisher Exact test, Chi‐Square test, and Mann–Whitney U test. Results While statistically significant differences are apparent among low‐intensity farming groups in the Southeast sample, in the global comparison postcranial fractures are significantly less common in low‐intensity agriculturalists than in hunter‐gatherers or high‐intensity agriculturalists. Discussion The results of this study support the hypothesis that, with respect to traumatic injury risk, low‐intensity farming is a risk‐averse subsistence strategy in comparison with full‐time foraging or high‐intensity agriculture. These data suggest that it is not agriculture per se that predicts an increase in this health risk, but rather the mode and intensity of agricultural production, findings that have important ramifications for our understanding of the health consequences of major subsistence transitions.