Influenza A virus exploits transferrin receptor recycling to enter host cells

• Published in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS Vol. 120; no. 21; p. e2214936120
• Main Authors: Mazel-Sanchez, Beryl, Niu, Chengyue, Williams, Nathalia, Bachmann, Michael, Choltus, Hélèna, Silva, Filo, Serre-Beinier, Véronique, Karenovics, Wolfram, Iwaszkiewicz, Justyna, Zoete, Vincent, Kaiser, Laurent, Hartley, Oliver, Wehrle-Haller, Bernhard, Schmolke, Mirco
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States National Academy of Sciences 23.05.2023
• Subjects: Biological Sciences; Biotin; Cell surface; Clathrin; Deficient mutant; Endocytosis; Endocytosis - physiology; Hemagglutinins; Influenza; Influenza A; Influenza A virus - physiology; Mass spectrometry; Mass spectroscopy; Protein turnover; Proteins; Receptors; Receptors, Transferrin - genetics; Receptors, Transferrin - metabolism; Sialic acids; Transferrin; Transferrins; Virions; Virus Internalization; Virus-like particles; Viruses; endocytosis; recycling; transferrin receptor 1; antiviral; influenza A virus
• ISSN: 0027-8424; 1091-6490
• DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2214936120

Influenza A virus (IAV) enters host cells mostly through clathrin-dependent receptor-mediated endocytosis. A single bona fide entry receptor protein supporting this entry mechanism remains elusive. Here we performed proximity ligation of biotin to host cell surface proteins in the vicinity of attached trimeric hemagglutinin-HRP and characterized biotinylated targets using mass spectrometry. This approach identified transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) as a candidate entry protein. Genetic gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments, as well as in vitro and in vivo chemical inhibition, confirmed the functional involvement of TfR1 in IAV entry. Recycling deficient mutants of TfR1 do not support entry, indicating that TfR1 recycling is essential for this function. The binding of virions to TfR1 via sialic acids confirmed its role as a directly acting entry factor, but unexpectedly even headless TfR1 promoted IAV particle uptake in . TIRF microscopy localized the entering virus-like particles in the vicinity of TfR1. Our data identify TfR1 recycling as a revolving door mechanism exploited by IAV to enter host cells.