Electron injection and scaffold effects in perovskite solar cells

• Published in: Journal of materials chemistry. C, Materials for optical and electronic devices Vol. 5; no. 3; pp. 634 - 644
• Main Authors: Anaya, Miguel, Zhang, Wei, Hames, Bruno Clasen, Li, Yuelong, Fabregat-Santiago, Francisco, Calvo, Mauricio E, Snaith, Henry J, Míguez, Hernán, Mora-Seró, Iván
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England 2017
• Subjects: Contact; Impedance; Perovskites; Photovoltaic cells; Scaffolds; Solar cells; Spectra; Titanium dioxide
• ISSN: 2050-7526; 2050-7534
• DOI: 10.1039/c6tc04639h

In spite of the impressive efficiencies reported for perovskite solar cells (PSCs), key aspects of their working principles, such as electron injection at the contacts or the suitability of the utilization of a specific scaffold layer, are not yet fully understood. Increasingly complex scaffolds attained by the sequential deposition of TiO and SiO mesoporous layers onto transparent conducting substrates are used to perform a systematic characterization of both the injection process at the electron selective contact and the scaffold effect in PSCs. By forcing multiple electron injection processes at a controlled sequence of perovskite-TiO interfaces before extraction, interfacial injection effects are magnified and hence characterized in detail. An anomalous injection behavior is observed, the fingerprint of which is the presence of significant inductive loops in the impedance spectra with a magnitude that correlates with the number of interfaces in the scaffold. Analysis of the resistive and capacitive behavior of the impedance spectra indicates that the scaffolds could hinder ion migration, with positive consequences such as lowering the recombination rate and implications for the current-potential curve hysteresis. Our results suggest that an appropriate balance between these advantageous effects and the unavoidable charge transport resistive losses introduced by the scaffolds will help in the optimization of PSC performance.