Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Clinical Findings in Medical Imaging Exams in a Nationwide Israeli Health Organization: Observational Study

• Published in: JMIR formative research Vol. 7; p. e42930
• Main Authors: Ozery-Flato, Michal, Ein-Dor, Liat, Pinchasov, Ora, Dabush Kasa, Miel, Hexter, Efrat, Chodick, Gabriel, Rosen-Zvi, Michal, Guindy, Michal
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Canada JMIR Publications 02.05.2023
• Subjects: Cancer; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Comorbidity; Confounding (Statistics); COVID-19 vaccines; Datasets; Diabetes; Electronic health records; Health care; Health maintenance organizations; Health services utilization; HMOs; Hypertension; Immunization; Infections; Kidney diseases; Medical imaging; Multimedia; Original Paper; Pandemics; Patients; Population; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; Tomography; Ultrasonic imaging; United States > US; Israel; PCS; MRI; radiology; pandemic; observational study; COVID; COVID-19; IPW; health services; long COVID; EHRs; coronavirus; Mammography; utilization; electronic health records; machine learning; postacute COVID-19 syndrome; CT; vaccine; balancing weights; causal effect; inverse probability weighting; adversarial balancing; causal inference; medical imaging; vaccination
• ISSN: 2561-326X; 2561-326X
• DOI: 10.2196/42930

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic had a major effect on the consumption of health care services. Changes in the use of routine diagnostic exams, increased incidences of postacute COVID-19 syndrome (PCS), and other pandemic-related factors may have influenced detected clinical conditions. This study aimed to analyze the impact of COVID-19 on the use of outpatient medical imaging services and clinical findings therein, specifically focusing on the time period after the launch of the Israeli COVID-19 vaccination campaign. In addition, the study tested whether the observed gains in abnormal findings may be linked to PCS or COVID-19 vaccination. Our data set included 572,480 ambulatory medical imaging patients in a national health organization from January 1, 2019, to August 31, 2021. We compared different measures of medical imaging utilization and clinical findings therein before and after the surge of the pandemic to identify significant changes. We also inspected the changes in the rate of abnormal findings during the pandemic after adjusting for changes in medical imaging utilization. Finally, for imaging classes that showed increased rates of abnormal findings, we measured the causal associations between SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19-related hospitalization (indicative of COVID-19 complications), and COVID-19 vaccination and future risk for abnormal findings. To adjust for a multitude of confounding factors, we used causal inference methodologies. After the initial drop in the utilization of routine medical imaging due to the first COVID-19 wave, the number of these exams has increased but with lower proportions of older patients, patients with comorbidities, women, and vaccine-hesitant patients. Furthermore, we observed significant gains in the rate of abnormal findings, specifically in musculoskeletal magnetic resonance (MR-MSK) and brain computed tomography (CT-brain) exams. These results also persisted after adjusting for the changes in medical imaging utilization. Demonstrated causal associations included the following: SARS-CoV-2 infection increasing the risk for an abnormal finding in a CT-brain exam (odds ratio [OR] 1.4, 95% CI 1.1-1.7) and COVID-19-related hospitalization increasing the risk for abnormal findings in an MR-MSK exam (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.9-5.3). COVID-19 impacted the use of ambulatory imaging exams, with greater avoidance among patients at higher risk for COVID-19 complications: older patients, patients with comorbidities, and nonvaccinated patients. Causal analysis results imply that PCS may have contributed to the observed gains in abnormal findings in MR-MSK and CT-brain exams.