The Energetics of Motivated Cognition: A Force-Field Analysis

A force-field theory of motivated cognition is presented and applied to a broad variety of phenomena in social judgment and self-regulation. Purposeful cognitive activity is assumed to be propelled by a "driving force" and opposed by a "restraining force". "Potential" d...

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Published inPsychological review Vol. 119; no. 1; pp. 1 - 20
Main Authors Kruglanski, Arie W, Belanger, Jocelyn J, Chen, Xiaoyan, Kopetz, Catalina, Pierro, Antonio, Mannetti, Lucia
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States American Psychological Association 01.01.2012
Subjects
Aptitude
Attitude
Choice Behavior
Cognition - physiology
Cognitive Processes
Decision Making
Drive
Educational Change
Energy
Evidence
Goals
Humans
Models, Psychological
Motivation - physiology
Neuropsychological Tests
Psychological Theory
Review Literature as Topic
Schemata (Cognition)
Self Management
Student Motivation
Success
Task Analysis
Theories
Thinking
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Summary:A force-field theory of motivated cognition is presented and applied to a broad variety of phenomena in social judgment and self-regulation. Purposeful cognitive activity is assumed to be propelled by a "driving force" and opposed by a "restraining force". "Potential" driving force represents the maximal amount of energy an individual is prepared to invest in a cognitive activity. "Effective" driving force corresponds to the amount of energy he or she actually invests in attempt to match the restraining force. Magnitude of the potential driving force derives from a combination of goal importance and the pool of available mental resources, whereas magnitude of the restraining force derives from an individual's inclination to conserve resources, current task demands, and competing goals. The present analysis has implications for choice of means to achieve one's cognitive goals as well as for successful goal attainment under specific force-field constellations. Empirical evidence for these effects is considered, and the underlying theory's integrative potential is highlighted. (Contains 11 footnotes, 1 table, and 2 figures.)
ISSN:0033-295X
1939-1471
DOI:10.1037/a0025488