Indoor Visible-Light 3D Positioning System Based on GRU Neural Network

• Published in: Photonics Vol. 10; no. 6; p. 633
• Main Authors: Yang, Wuju, Qin, Ling, Hu, Xiaoli, Zhao, Desheng
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.06.2023
• Subjects: Accuracy; Algorithms; Artificial intelligence; Data mining; Deep learning; gated recurrent units (GRU) neural networks; learning rate decay strategy; Light emitting diodes; Line of sight; line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) links; Links; Localization; Machine learning; Neural networks; Nonlinear systems; Photometers; Positioning devices (machinery); Radiation; Radio frequency identification; robot; Robots; three-dimensional (3D); visible-light positioning (VLP)
• ISSN: 2304-6732; 2304-6732
• DOI: 10.3390/photonics10060633

With the continuous development of artificial intelligence technology, visible-light positioning (VLP) based on machine learning and deep learning algorithms has become a research hotspot for indoor positioning technology. To improve the accuracy of robot positioning, we established a three-dimensional (3D) positioning system of visible-light consisting of two LED lights and three photodetectors. In this system, three photodetectors are located on the robot’s head. We considered the impact of line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) links on the received signals and used gated recurrent unit (GRU) neural networks to deal with nonlinearity in the system. To address the problem of poor stability during GRU network training, we used a learning rate attenuation strategy to improve the performance of the GRU network. The simulation results showed that the average positioning error of the system was 2.69 cm in a space of 4 m × 4 m × 3 m when only LOS links were considered and 2.66 cm when both LOS and NLOS links were considered with 95% of the positioning errors within 7.88 cm. For two-dimensional (2D) positioning with a fixed positioning height, 80% of the positioning error was within 9.87 cm. This showed that the system had a high anti-interference ability, could achieve centimeter-level positioning accuracy, and met the requirements of robot indoor positioning.