Ovulatory Follicular Fluid Facilitates the Full Transformation Process for the Development of High-Grade Serous Carcinoma

• Published in: Cancers Vol. 13; no. 3; p. 468
• Main Authors: Hsu, Che-Fang, Chen, Pao-Chu, Seenan, Vaishnavi, Ding, Dah-Ching, Chu, Tang-Yuan
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 26.01.2021; MDPI
• Subjects: AKT protein; Anoikis; Cancer therapies; Carcinogenesis; Cell adhesion & migration; Cell migration; Cell proliferation; Cyclin-dependent kinases; Epithelium; Fallopian tube; Fallopian tubes; Follicular fluid; Genetic transformation; Insulin-like growth factors; Kinases; Medical prognosis; Metastasis; Mutation; Ovarian cancer; Ovarian carcinoma; Ovulation; Peritoneum; Phenotypes; Phosphorylation; Proteins; Risk factors; Tumorigenesis; Tumors; high-grade serous carcinoma; Fallopian tube; transformation; peritoneal metastasis; follicular fluid
• ISSN: 2072-6694; 2072-6694
• DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030468

Background: High-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) is mainly derived from the stepwise accumulation of driver mutations in the fallopian tube epithelium (FTE), and it subsequently metastasizes to the ovary and peritoneum that develops into a clinically evident ovarian carcinoma. The developmental process involves cell proliferation/clonal expansion, cell migration, anoikis resistance, anchorage-independent growth (AIG), peritoneum attachment, and cell invasion. Previously, we discovered FTE could be transformed by follicular fluid (FF) released from ovulation, the most crucial risk factor of ovarian cancer, and IGF axis proteins in FF confers stemness activation and clonal expansion via IGF-1R/AKT pathway. However, whether other phenotypes in advanced cancer development are involved is unknown. Methods: A panel of FTE and ovarian HGSC cell lines with different severity of transformation were treated with FF with or without IGF-1R and AKT inhibitors and analyzed for the transformation phenotypes in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. Results: FF largely promotes (by order of magnitude) cell migration, AIG, cell invasion, peritoneum attachment, anoikis resistance, and cell proliferation. Most of these activities worked in the full panel of cell lines. The AIG activity largely depends on IGF-1R/AKT phosphorylation, and the proliferation activity depends on an AKT phosphorylation not mediated by IGF-1R. In contrast, both AKT- and non-AKT-mediated signals are responsible for the other transformation activities. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate an extensive transformation activity of FF in the full journey of carcinogenesis, and endorsed ovulation-inhibition for the prevention and AKT-inhibition for the treatment of ovarian HGSC.