Porosity and pore size effect on the properties of sintered Ti35Nb4Sn alloy scaffolds and their suitability for tissue engineering applications

• Published in: Journal of alloys and compounds Vol. 731; pp. 189 - 199
• Main Authors: Torres-Sanchez, C., McLaughlin, John, Fotticchia, Andrea
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Lausanne Elsevier B.V 15.01.2018; Elsevier BV
• Subjects: Adhesive strength; Biocompatibility; Compressive strength; Densification; Elastic modulus; Grafts; Implantation; Mechanical properties; Network formation; Pore size; Porosity; Powder metallurgy; Regeneration; Relative density; Scaffolds; Sintering (powder metallurgy); Size effects; Space-holder; Stiffness; Tibia; TiNbSn; Tissue engineering; Toxicity; Trabecular bone; Elastic modulus; Trabecular bone; Compressive strength; Space-holder; Relative density; TiNbSn
• ISSN: 0925-8388; 1873-4669
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.10.026

Porous scaffolds manufactured via powder metallurgy and sintering were designed for their structure (i.e. pore size and porosity) and mechanical properties (stiffness, strength) to be controlled and tailored to mimic those of human bone. The scaffolds were realised to fulfil three main objectives: (i) to obtain values of stiffness and strength similar to those of trabecular (or spongy) bone, with a view of exploiting these as bone grafts that permit cell regeneration, (ii) to establish a relationship between stiffness, strength and density that allows tailoring for mass customisation to suit patient's needs; and (iii) to assess alloy cytotoxicity and biocompatibility via in vitro studies. The results obtained using a very low stiffness alloy (Ti35Nb4Sn) further lowered with the introduction of nominal porosity (30–70%) with pores in the ranges 180–300 μm and 300–500 μm showed compatibility for anatomical locations typically subjected to implantation and bone grafting (femoral head and proximal tibia). The regression fitting parameters for the linear and power law regressions were similar to those found for bone specimens, confirming a structure favourable to capillary network formation. Biological tests confirmed non-cytotoxicity of the alloy. Scaffolds of porosity nominal 50%vol and pore range 300–500 μm performed best in the adhesion and propagation assays due to a good balance between surface area and pore cavity volume. [Display omitted] •Stiffness and strength match trabecular bone's (femoral head, neck and proximal tibia).•The scaffolds were confirmed to withstand physiological strain.•Adjustable properties via power law correlations with porosity. Independent of pore size.•Relationship between pore size and mechanical properties is independent.•50% nominal porosity with 300–500 μm found best for cell viability and adhesion.