Cardiovascular risk factors are really linked in the metabolic syndrome: This phenomenon suggests clustering rather than coincidence

• Published in: International journal of cardiology Vol. 109; no. 2; pp. 213 - 218
• Main Authors: Aizawa, Yoshifusa, Kamimura, Norihito, Watanabe, Hiroshi, Aizawa, Yoshiyasu, Makiyama, Yashiro, Usuda, Yoshimaru, Watanabe, Tohru, Kurashina, Yoshiaki
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Shannon Elsevier Ireland Ltd 10.05.2006; Elsevier Science
• Subjects: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Atherosclerosis (general aspects, experimental research); Biological and medical sciences; Biomarkers - blood; Blood and lymphatic vessels; Blood Glucose - metabolism; Blood Pressure; Body Mass Index; Cardiology. Vascular system; Cardiovascular Diseases - blood; Cardiovascular Diseases - epidemiology; Cardiovascular Diseases - physiopathology; Cholesterol, HDL - blood; Cluster Analysis; Clustering; Confounding Factors (Epidemiology); Creatinine - blood; Female; Humans; Hypertension - blood; Hypertension - epidemiology; Hypertension - physiopathology; Insulin Resistance; Japan - epidemiology; Male; Medical sciences; Metabolic diseases; Metabolic syndrome; Metabolic Syndrome - blood; Metabolic Syndrome - epidemiology; Metabolic Syndrome - physiopathology; Middle Aged; Miscellaneous; Obesity - blood; Obesity - epidemiology; Obesity - physiopathology; Other metabolic disorders; Predictive Value of Tests; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Triglycerides - metabolism; Metabolic syndrome; Clustering; Risk factors; Endocrinopathy; Metabolic diseases; Cardiovascular disease; Phlebology; Vascular disease; X Syndrome; Atherosclerosis; Risk factor; Circulatory system; Cardiology
• ISSN: 0167-5273; 1874-1754
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.06.007

The accumulation of cardiovascular risk factors can be seen in a single person but it needs to be determined if this occurs more frequently than might be explained by mere coincidence. This study involved 119,412 adults: 41,819 males and 77,593 females, who were 40 years of age or older and who underwent an annual health examination. From the clinical and biochemical data, the actual prevalence of a combination of 3 or more factors: abnormal body mass index (≧ 25.0), hypertension, high triglyceride (≧ 150 mg/dl), low HDL cholesterol (< 40 mg/dl) and abnormal fasting glucose metabolism (fasting blood sugar ≧ 110mg/dl or HbA1c. ≧ 5.5%) was determined. Then, the prevalence of a corresponding combination of 3–5 factors was predicted from the prevalence of each factor on the assumption that their combination occurs as a result of coincidence. The criteria of metabolic syndrome (≧ 3 risk factors) was met in 17,842 (14.9%) of the examinees. The actual prevalence of any combination of 3–5 factors of metabolic syndrome was more frequent than those expected to occur by coincidence ( P < 0.001). When compared with the prevalence of the total examinees, the prevalence of obesity and insulin resistance was 2.5 and 2.9 times higher in metabolic syndrome compared to that in the total examinees but it was 1.7 to 2.1 times higher in hypertension and high triglyceride. The former two were clustering more than hypertension or high triglyceride in metabolic syndrome. Abnormal levels of serum creatinine and total cholesterol were found more often in metabolic syndrome. Combinations of risk factors of metabolic syndrome were found more frequently than coincidental phenomenon in the subjects from the general population. These finding suggest that these risk factors do cluster and obesity and insulin resistance were suggested to be linked with metabolic syndrome more than hypertension or high triglyceride.