The Effect of Sleep Disorders, Sedating Medications, and Depression on Cognitive Processing Therapy Outcomes: A Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis

Cognitive processing therapy (CPT) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an effortful process requiring engagement in cognitive restructuring. Sleep disorders may lead to avoidance of effortful tasks and cognitive performance deficits. We explored whether sleep disorders, as assessed by polyso...

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Published inJournal of traumatic stress Vol. 30; no. 6; pp. 635 - 645
Main Authors Haynes, Patricia L., Emert, Sarah E., Epstein, Dana, Perkins, Suzanne, Parthasarathy, Sairam, Wilcox, James
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.12.2017
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Summary:Cognitive processing therapy (CPT) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an effortful process requiring engagement in cognitive restructuring. Sleep disorders may lead to avoidance of effortful tasks and cognitive performance deficits. We explored whether sleep disorders, as assessed by polysomnography, were consistently associated with treatment response in combination with other factors. This study included 32 U.S. veterans who were examined both before and after CPT for combat‐related PTSD. We employed a novel, case‐comparative technique, fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), to identify combinations of fuzzy and crisp factors (recipes) that achieve a clinically significant outcome. Approximately one‐quarter of cases experiencing clinically significant change were either (a) Vietnam era veterans without sedating medications, moderate sleep disordered breathing, and severe depression; or (b) non–Vietnam era veterans with sedating medications and without severe periodic limb movements (or significant periodic limb movement arousals). Recipes involving the absence of the relevant sleep disorder were associated with the highest coverage values. These results using fsQCA (a) provide valuable information about the heterogeneity of CPT response and (b) suggest that sleep disorders are important factors to consider in theoretical discussions of who responds to CPT for PTSD. Resumen Spanish s by the Asociación Chilena de Estrés Traumático (ACET) El efecto de los trastornos del sueño, medicamentos sedantes, y depresión en los resultados de la Terapia de Procesamiento Cognitivo: un Análisis Cualitativo Comparativo Fuzzy‐Set Trastornos del sueño y resultados de la TPC La Terapia de Procesamiento Cognitivo (TPC) para el Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático (TEPT) es un proceso de esfuerzo que requiere compromiso en la reestructuración cognitiva. Los trastornos del sueño pueden conducir a evitar tareas de esfuerzo y a déficits en rendimiento cognitivo. Exploramos si los trastornos del sueño, evaluados mediante polisomnografía, se asociaron consistentemente con la respuesta al tratamiento en combinación con otros factores. Este estudió incluyó a 32 veteranos de EE. UU. que fueron examinados antes y después de la TPC para el TEPT relacionado con el combate. Empleamos una nueva técnica comparativa de casos, el Análisis Comparativo Cualitativo fuzzy‐set (ACCfs), para identificar factores difusos y nítidos (recetas) que logren un resultado clínicamente significativo. Aproximadamente una cuarta parte de los casos que experimentaron cambios clínicamente significativos fueron ya sea: (a) veteranos de la época de Vietnam, sin medicamentos sedantes, con trastorno moderado de la respiración durante el sueño, y depresión severa; o (b) veteranos que no eran de la época de Vietnam, con medicamentos sedantes y sin trastorno del movimiento periódico de las extremidades (o despertar con movimientos periódicos significativos de las extremidades). Recetas que implicaban la ausencia de un trastorno relevante del sueño fueron asociadas con valores de cobertura más altos. Estos resultados que usan ACCfs (a) proporcionan información valiosa sobre la heterogeneidad de la respuesta de la TPC y (b) sugieren que los trastornos del sueño son factores importantes a considerar en las discusiones teóricas sobre quién responde a la TPC para TEPT. 抽象 Traditional and Simplified Chinese s by AsianSTSS The Effect of Sleep Disorders, Sedating Medications and Depression on Cognitive Processing Therapy Outcomes: A Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis Traditional Chinese 標題: 睡眠障礙、鎮靜藥物和抑鬱症對認知整理治療結果的影響:模糊集質性比較分析 撮要: 為治療創傷後壓力症(PTSD)的認知整理治療(CPT)༌過程中需多方努力進行認知重整。可是༌睡眠障礙能導致患者迴避要付出努力的治療任務༌和導致患者的認知運作受損。我們以多導睡眠描記評估睡眠障礙༌探查這些睡眠障礙與其他因素結合後༌是否一致地跟治療反應有關。本研究樣本為32名美國退役軍人༌他們接受了為治療戰鬥相關PTSD的CPT༌在治療前後均受評估。我們採用新型的比較個案技巧——模糊集質性比較分析(fsQCA)༌找出能達致臨床顯著效果的模糊與清晰因素(recipes)組合。有臨床顯著改變的樣本中༌約四分一個案樣本為:༈一༉越戰時期軍人༌沒有服用鎮靜藥物、有中度睡眠呼吸困難、和嚴重抑鬱症;或༈二༉非越戰時期軍人༌有服用鎮靜藥物、和無嚴重週期性肢體抽動症(或顯著的週期性肢體抽動激發)。沒有相關睡眠障礙的清晰因素跟最高涵蓋值有關。這些以fsQCA得出的結果:༈一༉就CPT反應的異質性提供有用資訊༌及༈二༉反映睡眠障礙是重要因素༌有關對治療PTSD的CPT有反應的人口理論討論應多加關注 Simplified Chinese 标题: 睡眠障碍、镇静药物和抑郁症对认知整理治疗结果的影响:模糊集质性比较分析 撮要: 为治疗创伤后压力症(PTSD)的认知整理治疗(CPT)༌过程中需多方努力进行认知重整。可是༌睡眠障碍能导致患者回避要付出努力的治疗任务༌和导致患者的认知运作受损。我们以多导睡眠描记评估睡眠障碍༌探查这些睡眠障碍与其他因素结合后༌是否一致地跟治疗反应有关。本研究样本为32名美国退役军人༌他们接受了为治疗战斗相关PTSD的CPT༌在治疗前后均受评估。我们采用新型的比较个案技巧——模糊集质性比较分析(fsQCA)༌找出能达致临床显著效果的模糊与清晰因素(recipes)组合。有临床显著改变的样本中༌约四分一个案样本为:༈一༉越战时期军人༌没有服用镇静药物、有中度睡眠呼吸困难、和严重抑郁症;或༈二༉非越战时期军人༌有服用镇静药物、和无严重周期性肢体抽动症(或显著的周期性肢体抽动激发)。没有相关睡眠障碍的清晰因素跟最高涵盖值有关。这些以fsQCA得出的结果:༈一༉就CPT反应的异质性提供有用信息༌及༈二༉反映睡眠障碍是重要因素༌有关对治疗PTSD的CPT有反应的人口理论讨论应多加关注
Bibliography:The authors wish to acknowledge the contributions of Lesley Warner Pellman, Matthew Eckhoff, Rebecca Swain, Monica Kelly, Andrew Fridman, and Kate Medici, as well as Dr. Charles Ragin for his technical assistance employing Fuzzy Set/Qualitative Comparative Analysis.
Drs. Haynes and Parthasarathy are no longer affiliated with the Southern Arizona VA Health Care System. Ms. Emert is no longer affiliated with the Biomedical Research Foundation of Southern Arizona.
This work was supported by a U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command Award (W81XWH‐10‐1‐0745; PI: Haynes). The research was supported with resources and the use of facilities at the Southern Arizona and Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care Systems. The contents of this article do not represent the views of the Department of Veterans Affairs or the United States Government.
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ISSN:0894-9867
1573-6598
DOI:10.1002/jts.22233