Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and pain intensity in persons with spinal cord injury

• Published in: Spinal cord Vol. 59; no. 3; pp. 328 - 335
• Main Authors: Kuiper, Heleen, van Leeuwen, Christel C. M., Kopsky, David J., Stolwijk-Swüste, Janneke M., Post, Marcel W. M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 01.03.2021; Nature Publishing Group
• Subjects: 631/477/2811; 692/1807/410; 692/617/375/1824; Anatomy; Anxiety; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biomedicine; Bivariate analysis; Human Physiology; Mental depression; Mental disorders; Neurochemistry; Neuropsychology; Neurosciences; Pain; Post traumatic stress disorder; Psychological stress; Regression analysis; Regression models; Rehabilitation; Screening; Spinal cord injuries; Trauma
• ISSN: 1362-4393; 1476-5624
• DOI: 10.1038/s41393-020-00599-w

Study design Cross-sectional. Objectives To examine the association between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and pain intensity, taking symptoms of anxiety and depression into account within persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). Setting Persons with SCI, who visited a Dutch rehabilitation centre between 2005 and 2010, were invited to complete a survey. Methods PTSD symptoms were measured with the Trauma Screening Questionnaire (TSQ), pain intensity with an 11-point Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), and symptoms of anxiety and depression with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). To determine associations between PTSD symptoms and pain intensity, linear regression analyses were performed. Confounding variables representing anxiety and depression were added to the final model. Results In total, 175 participants (55.8% traumatic, 29.1% complete) were included (response rate of 31.7%). Of them, 11.4% had clinically relevant symptoms of probable PTSD (TSQ score ≥ 6) 69.8% experienced moderate to severe pain levels (NRS ≥ 4), 14.9% had symptoms of anxiety and 20.8% symptoms of depression (HADS scores ≥ 11). Levels of PTSD symptoms were strongly associated with symptoms of anxiety (0.54) and depression (0.49). Bivariate analyses showed a moderate significant association (0.30) between PTSD symptoms and pain intensity. This association became small (0.10) when anxiety and depression comorbidity were factored into the final regression model. Conclusions No independent association between PTSD symptoms and pain intensity was shown when adjusted for anxiety and depression. Results of this study suggest the usefulness of screening for PTSD in persons with SCI (regardless of injury cause or type/level) who score high on symptoms of anxiety/depression.