Pharmacological targeting of the HIF hydroxylases – A new field in medicine development

• Published in: Molecular aspects of medicine Vol. 47-48; pp. 54 - 75
• Main Authors: Chan, Mun Chiang, Holt-Martyn, James P., Schofield, Christopher J., Ratcliffe, Peter J.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier Ltd 01.02.2016
• Subjects: Anemia - drug therapy; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Delivery Systems; Erythropoietin - deficiency; Erythropoietin - metabolism; HIF hydroxylases; HIF prolyl hydroxylases; Humans; Hypoxia; Hypoxia - metabolism; Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF); Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 - antagonists & inhibitors; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 - metabolism; Inflammation - drug therapy; Inhibitor; Ischemia - drug therapy; Mixed Function Oxygenases - antagonists & inhibitors; Mixed Function Oxygenases - metabolism; Oxygen - metabolism; Oxygen sensing; Prolyl-Hydroxylase Inhibitors - pharmacology; Protein Conformation; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Hypoxia; Inhibitor; Oxygen sensing; HIF prolyl hydroxylases; Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF); HIF hydroxylases
• ISSN: 0098-2997; 1872-9452
• DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.01.001

In human cells oxygen levels are ‘sensed’ by a set of ferrous iron and 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenases. These enzymes regulate a broad range of cellular and systemic responses to hypoxia by catalysing the post-translational hydroxylation of specific residues in the alpha subunits of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) transcriptional complexes. The HIF hydroxylases are now the subject of pharmaceutical targeting by small molecule inhibitors that aim to activate or augment the endogenous HIF transcriptional response for the treatment of anaemia and other hypoxic human diseases. Here we consider the rationale for this therapeutic strategy from the biochemical, biological and medical perspectives. We outline structural and mechanistic considerations that are relevant to the design of HIF hydroxylase inhibitors, including likely determinants of specificity, and review published reports on their activity in pre-clinical models and clinical trials.