Convergent Mutations and Single Nucleotide Variants in Mitochondrial Genomes of Modern Humans and Neanderthals

• Published in: International journal of molecular sciences Vol. 25; no. 7; p. 3785
• Main Authors: Ferreira, Renata C, Rodrigues, Camila R, Broach, James R, Briones, Marcelo R S
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 01.04.2024
• Subjects: Alzheimer Disease; ancient DNA; Animals; Cancer; Disease; Evolution; Females; Genetic aspects; Genetic engineering; Genome, Mitochondrial; Genomes; Genomics; Hominids; human genome; Humans; Mitochondrial DNA; mitochondrial genome; Mutation; neanderthal admixture; Neanderthals; Neanderthals - genetics; Nucleotides; Principal components analysis; SNPs; Transfer RNA; Africa; Middle East; Europe; SNPs; human genome; mitochondrial genome; ancient DNA; neanderthal admixture
• ISSN: 1422-0067; 1661-6596; 1422-0067
• DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073785

The genetic contributions of Neanderthals to the modern human genome have been evidenced by the comparison of present-day human genomes with paleogenomes. Neanderthal signatures in extant human genomes are attributed to intercrosses between Neanderthals and archaic anatomically modern humans (AMHs). Although Neanderthal signatures are well documented in the nuclear genome, it has been proposed that there is no contribution of Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA to contemporary human genomes. Here we show that modern human mitochondrial genomes contain 66 potential Neanderthal signatures, or Neanderthal single nucleotide variants (N-SNVs), of which 36 lie in coding regions and 7 result in nonsynonymous changes. Seven N-SNVs are associated with traits such as cycling vomiting syndrome, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, and two N-SNVs are associated with intelligence quotient. Based on recombination tests, principal component analysis (PCA) and the complete absence of these N-SNVs in 41 archaic AMH mitogenomes, we conclude that convergent evolution, and not recombination, explains the presence of N-SNVs in present-day human mitogenomes.