Predictors of neonatal adiposity and associations by fetal sex in women with gestational diabetes mellitus and normal glucose-tolerant women

• Published in: Acta diabetologica Vol. 58; no. 3; pp. 341 - 354
• Main Authors: Benhalima, Katrien, De Landtsheer, Anaïs, Van Crombrugge, Paul, Moyson, Carolien, Verhaeghe, Johan, Verlaenen, Hilde, Vercammen, Chris, Maes, Toon, Dufraimont, Els, De Block, Christophe, Jacquemyn, Yves, Laenen, Annouschka, Devlieger, Roland, Minschart, Caro, Mathieu, Chantal
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Milan Springer Milan 01.03.2021; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Adipose tissue; Adiposity - physiology; Adolescent; Adult; Belgium - epidemiology; Biomarkers; Birth Weight - physiology; Blood glucose; Body fat; Body weight; C-Peptide - analysis; C-Peptide - blood; Cohort Studies; Cord blood; Diabetes; Diabetes mellitus; Diabetes, Gestational - blood; Diabetes, Gestational - diagnosis; Diabetes, Gestational - epidemiology; Female; Fetal Blood - chemistry; Fetal Blood - metabolism; Fetal Macrosomia - blood; Fetal Macrosomia - diagnosis; Fetal Macrosomia - epidemiology; Fetal Macrosomia - etiology; Fetus - metabolism; Fetus - physiology; Fetuses; Gestational age; Gestational diabetes; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Internal Medicine; Leptin; Leptin - analysis; Leptin - blood; Lipids; Lipids - analysis; Lipids - blood; Male; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Metabolic Diseases; Middle Aged; Neonates; Original Article; Overweight; Pregnancy; Pregnancy and diabetes; Pregnancy Outcome; Prognosis; Prospective Studies; Sex Characteristics; Skinfold Thickness; Triglycerides; Young Adult; Belgium; Gestational diabetes mellitus; Cord blood; Neonatal adiposity; Fetal sex; Overweight
• ISSN: 0940-5429; 1432-5233
• DOI: 10.1007/s00592-020-01619-0

Aims To determine predictors of neonatal adiposity and differences in associations by fetal sex in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), normal-weight and overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m 2 ) normal glucose-tolerant women (NGT). Methods Skinfold thickness was measured in 576 newborns, and cord blood leptin, c-peptide and lipids in 327 newborns in a multi-centric prospective cohort study. Results Compared to neonates of normal-weight NGT women (327), neonates of women with GDM (97) were more often large-for-gestational age (LGA) (16.5% vs 8.6%, p  = 0.024) ,but the macrosomia rate (8.2% vs 5.8%, p  = 0.388), sum of skinfolds (13.9 mm ± 2.9 vs 13.3 mm ± 2.6, p  = 0.067), neonatal fat mass (1333.0 g ± 166.8 vs 1307.3 g ± 160.9, p  = 0.356), and cord blood biomarkers were not significantly different. Compared to neonates of normal-weight NGT women, neonates of overweight NGT women (152) had higher rates of macrosomia (12.5% vs 5.8%, p  = 0.012), LGA (17.1% vs 8.6%, p  = 0.006), higher sum of skinfolds (14.3 mm ± 2.6 vs 13.2 mm ± 2.6, p  < 0.001), neonatal fat mass (1386.0 g ± 168.6 vs 1307.3 g ± 160.9, p  < 0.001), % neonatal fat mass > 90th percentile (15.2% vs 7.1%, p  < 0.001), without significant differences in cord blood biomarkers. Maternal BMI, fasting glycemia, triglycerides, gestational weight gain, cord blood leptin ,and cord blood triglycerides were independent predictors for neonatal adiposity. Gestational weight gain was positively associated with adiposity in boys only. Conclusion Compared to neonates of normal-weight NGT women, neonates of GDM women have higher LGA rates but similar adiposity, while neonates of overweight NGT women have increased adiposity. Limiting gestational weight gain might be especially important in the male fetus to reduce neonatal adiposity.