Induction of Human Motor Cortex Plasticity by Theta Burst Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation

• Published in: Annals of neurology Vol. 91; no. 2; pp. 238 - 252
• Main Authors: Zeng, Ke, Darmani, Ghazaleh, Fomenko, Anton, Xia, Xue, Tran, Stephanie, Nankoo, Jean‐François, Shamli Oghli, Yazan, Wang, Yanqiu, Lozano, Andres M., Chen, Robert
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Hoboken, USA John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.02.2022; Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
• Subjects: Adult; Brain; Brain Mapping; Cortex (motor); Cortical Excitability; Evoked Potentials, Motor; Excitability; Female; Humans; Magnetic fields; Male; Mental disorders; Middle Aged; Motor Cortex - radiation effects; Nervous system; Neural Inhibition; Neurological diseases; Neuromodulation; Neuronal Plasticity - radiation effects; Neuroplasticity; Occipital lobe; Occipital Lobe - physiology; Psychomotor Performance - radiation effects; Pyramidal tracts; Pyramidal Tracts - radiation effects; Sensorimotor integration; Sonication; Theta Rhythm; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; Ultrasonic imaging; Ultrasonics; Ultrasound; Young Adult
• ISSN: 0364-5134; 1531-8249; 1531-8249
• DOI: 10.1002/ana.26294

Objective Transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) is a promising noninvasive brain stimulation technique with advantages of high spatial precision and ability to target deep brain regions. This study aimed to develop a TUS protocol to effectively induce brain plasticity in human subjects. Methods An 80‐second train of theta burst patterned TUS (tbTUS), regularly patterned TUS (rTUS) with the same sonication duration, and sham tbTUS was delivered to the motor cortex in healthy subjects. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to examine changes in corticospinal excitability, intracortical inhibition and facilitation, and the site of plasticity induction. The effects of motor cortical tbTUS on a visuomotor task and the effects of occipital cortex tbTUS on motor cortical excitability were also tested. Results The tbTUS produced consistent increase in corticospinal excitability for at least 30 minutes, whereas rTUS and sham tbTUS produced no significant change. tbTUS decreased short‐interval intracortical inhibition and increased intracortical facilitation. The effects of TMS in different current directions suggested that the site of the plastic changes was within the motor cortex. tbTUS to the occipital cortex did not change motor cortical excitability. Motor cortical tbTUS shortened movement time in a visuomotor task. Interpretation tbTUS is a novel and efficient paradigm to induce cortical plasticity in humans. It has the potential to be developed for neuromodulation treatment for neurological and psychiatric disorders, and to advance neuroscience research. ANN NEUROL 2022;91:238–252