Hepatitis E Virus Infections Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Positive Individuals During an Outbreak of Acute Hepatitis A in Taiwan

• Published in: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) Vol. 70; no. 6; pp. 1892 - 1902
• Main Authors: Lin, Kuan‐Yin, Lin, Pi‐Han, Sun, Hsin‐Yun, Chen, Yi‐Ting, Su, Li‐Hsin, Su, Yi‐Ching, Ho, Shu‐Yuan, Liu, Wen‐Chun, Chang, Sui‐Yuan, Hung, Chien‐Ching, Chang, Shan‐Chwen
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.12.2019
• Subjects: Antiretroviral drugs; CD4 antigen; Cirrhosis; Disease transmission; Fibrosis; Genotypes; Hepatitis; Hepatitis A; Hepatology; HIV; Human immunodeficiency virus; Immunoglobulin G; Infections; Liver cirrhosis; Morbidity; Outbreaks; Sexual behavior; Sexual transmission; Viremia; Taiwan
• ISSN: 0270-9139; 1527-3350
• DOI: 10.1002/hep.30771

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) share the similar fecal‐oral transmission route. During an outbreak of sexually transmitted acute hepatitis A among men who have sex with men (MSM) worldwide between 2015 and 2017, we investigated the possibility of sexual transmission and related morbidity of HEV infection among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐positive patients. From March 1, 2015 to August 31, 2017, anti‐HEV immunoglobulin G was retrospectively determined among 3,293 HIV‐positive patients, who were mainly MSM (87.6%) with a median CD4 count of 575 cells/μL. Prevalence and incidence of HEV infection were 3.7% (123 of 3,293) and 4.35 per 1,000 person‐years of follow‐up (PYFU), respectively, which were significantly lower compared with those of HAV infection (31.1% [996 of 3,204] and 12.61 per 1,000 PYFU, respectively). The number of patients with HEV infection did not increase with the hepatitis A epidemic. The factor associated with prevalent HEV infection was older age (per 1‐year increase, adjusted odds ratio, 1.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.05‐1.09), but neither sexual orientation nor acquisition of sexually transmitted infections was related to prevalent or incident HEV infection. Among 23 patients with incident HEV infection, 22 patients had viremia caused by HEV genotype 4. No patients had prolonged HEV viremia or clinical symptoms, and only a mild elevation of serum aminotransferase, ranging from 34 to 77 IU/L, was noted. Although 4 patients had hepatitis for a prolonged duration of between 8 and 17 months, no abdominal imaging revealed liver fibrosis or cirrhosis. Conclusion: HEV endemicity remained low among HIV‐positive patients in Taiwan during the outbreak of acute hepatitis A. Our data suggest that sexual transmission of HEV with significant morbidity of HEV infection, if any, is rare in this population.