Everyday Racial Discrimination and Hypertension among Midlife African American Women: Disentangling the Role of Active Coping Dispositions versus Active Coping Behaviors

• Published in: International journal of environmental research and public health Vol. 16; no. 23; p. 4759
• Main Authors: Michaels, Eli K, Reeves, Alexis N, Thomas, Marilyn D, Price, Melisa M, Hasson, Rebecca E, Chae, David H, Allen, Amani M
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 27.11.2019; MDPI
• Subjects: Adaptation, Psychological; Adult; African Americans; Aging; Behavior; Black or African American - psychology; Black white relations; Blood pressure; California; Coping; Coping behavior; Discrimination; Etiology; Female; Female roles; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Hypertension; Hypertension - psychology; Hypotheses; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle age; Middle Aged; Minority & ethnic groups; Personality; Prevalence; Racial discrimination; Racism; Stress; Stress, Psychological - psychology; Weathering; Women; California; stress; health disparities; John Henryism; hypertension; racial discrimination; coping; African American
• ISSN: 1660-4601; 1661-7827; 1660-4601
• DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234759

Racial discrimination, a psychosocial stressor, may contribute to disproportionate rates of hypertension among African American women. Coping moderates the effects of psychosocial stress on health. Coping dispositions describe stable personality characteristics, whereas contextual frameworks emphasize flexible coping behaviors in response to specific stressful encounters. Using data from the African American Women's Heart and Health Study-a non-probability cross-section of 208 midlife African American women in Northern California-we estimated the association between everyday racial discrimination (Everyday Discrimination Scale, EDS) and prevalence of hypertension (HTN), and evaluated moderation by coping disposition (John Henryism Active Coping scale, JH) versus context-specific active coping behavior (Active Coping with Racism scale, ACR). There were no main associations between EDS, JH, or ACR on HTN prevalence. There was evidence of statistical interaction between EDS and ACR (p-int = 0.05), but not JH (p-int = 0.90). Among those with high levels of ACR, reporting monthly (prevalence ratio (PR) = 2.35, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.13, 4.87), weekly (PR = 2.15, 95% CI = 1.01, 4.61), or daily (PR = 2.36, 95% CI = 1.14, 4.88) EDS was associated with higher HTN prevalence, versus reporting racial discrimination yearly or less. In contrast, among those with low levels of ACR, reporting more chronic racial discrimination was associated with lower hypertension prevalence, although results were less precise. Findings suggest that ongoing active coping with chronic racial discrimination may contribute to hypertension risk among African American women.