Multi-constituent synergism is responsible for anti-inflammatory effect of Azadirachta indica leaf extract
Abstract Context: Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceaes) leaves have been used traditionally to treat swelling and rheumatism in Indian cultures. Objective: To fractionate A. indica leaf extracts using bioactivity guided manner for identification of the active anti-inflammatory principles. Materia...
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Published in | Pharmaceutical biology Vol. 52; no. 11; pp. 1411 - 1422 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
England
Informa Healthcare USA, Inc
01.11.2014
Taylor & Francis |
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
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Summary: | Abstract
Context: Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceaes) leaves have been used traditionally to treat swelling and rheumatism in Indian cultures.
Objective: To fractionate A. indica leaf extracts using bioactivity guided manner for identification of the active anti-inflammatory principles.
Materials and methods: Polarity-gradient sequential extracts (petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol, and water) of A. indica leaves were screened for their anti-inflammatory potential using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model (1 g/kg). The chloroform extract was sequentially fractionated to obtain n-hexane (F-1), n-hexane-chloroform (F-2), and chloroform (F-3) fractions and their inhibitory effect on rat paw edema was evaluated (500 mg/kg). Inhibitory effect of F-2 on granuloma formation, plasma interleukin (IL-1), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) was assessed at the doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg using the cotton pellet assay in rats. Three sub-fractions (SF-1, SF-2, and SF-3) were obtained upon chromatography of F-2, and their inhibitory effect on cyclooxygenase was assessed at 200 µg/mL concentration. The sub-fractions were subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
Results: All the extracts showed significant anti-inflammatory effect; however, chloroform extract was the most effective against paw edema (53.25% inhibition). The three fractions of chloroform extract showed significant effect, while F-2 being the most potent (51.02%). F-2 demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of granuloma and cytokines. Interestingly, all the sub-fractions of F-2 inhibited COX-1 and COX-2 with almost equal potential. GC-MS revealed that chemically the sub-fractions were totally different from each other.
Discussion and conclusion: Anti-inflammatory effect of A. indica is a result of cumulative and synergistic effects of diversified constituents with varying polarities that collectively exert the effect via suppression of cyclo-oxygenases and cytokines (IL-1 and TNF-α). |
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Bibliography: | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 |
ISSN: | 1388-0209 1744-5116 |
DOI: | 10.3109/13880209.2014.895017 |