Dietary Quality of Pregnant Women Participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children

• Published in: International journal of environmental research and public health Vol. 18; no. 16; p. 8370
• Main Authors: Rojhani, Arezoo, Ouyang, Ping, Gullon-Rivera, Angel, Dale, Taylor Marie
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 07.08.2021; MDPI
• Subjects: Anemia; Breastfeeding & lactation; Children; Choline; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diaries; Diet; Dietary intake; Dietary Supplements; Female; Fetuses; Folic acid; Food; Food Assistance; Food stamps; Humans; Infants; Iron; Low income groups; Nutrient content; Nutrition; Nutrition research; Pregnancy; Pregnant Women; Quality assessment; Variance analysis; Vegetables; Vitamin B; Vitamin D; Womens health; United States > US; Kalamazoo Michigan; WIC; nutrient analysis; pregnant women; HEI-2015; micronutrients; HEI score; dietary quality; Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
• ISSN: 1660-4601; 1661-7827; 1660-4601
• DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168370

Few studies have examined the dietary intake of low-income pregnant women participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). The aim of this study was to assess the dietary quality of WIC-enrolled pregnant women and examine associations with maternal characteristics, nutrition knowledge, and key health indicators. Fifty-one WIC-enrolled pregnant women completed two sets of 3-day food records. Food records were analyzed for nutrient content, and diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015. Since an HEI score of less than 60 is indicative of the need to improve dietary quality, participants' HEI scores were divided into two categories: <60 and ≥60. The total mean HEI score of the cohort based on analysis of the first set of food records was 59.1 ± 12.5 (range 37.1-89.2), while the mean score for the second 3 days of food records was 56.8 ± 12.7 (range 30.0-89.0). The majority of participants did not consume the minimum recommended servings of whole vegetables. Those in the <60 HEI category consumed on average less than 50% of the recommended servings of whole fruits and whole grains. The diets of the majority of participants were high in saturated fat and sodium. More than one-third did not meet the recommendations for folate and iron intake, while less than half met the RDA for vitamin D. Choline intake was insufficient based on analysis of the first 3 days of food records. Our results indicate that the dietary quality of WIC-enrolled pregnant women requires improvement.