Identifying optimal combinations of synchronous condensers for minimum grid strength compliance

• Published in: International journal of electrical power & energy systems Vol. 156; p. 109756
• Main Authors: De Marco, Fernando, Gómez, José, Bolz, Valentin, Fernández, Flavio
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier Ltd 01.02.2024; Elsevier
• Subjects: Effective short-circuit ratio; Grid strength; Inverter-based resources; Optimization; Synchronous condensers; Weak networks; Synchronous condensers; Grid strength; Inverter-based resources; Effective short-circuit ratio; Weak networks; Optimization
• ISSN: 0142-0615
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2023.109756

This paper proposes a method for the automatic optimization of the size and location of synchronous condensers (SCs) to meet a minimum grid strength requirement that enables the high penetration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) in a weak network. The grid strength is quantified by the effective short-circuit ratio (ESCR), which is an heuristic index that accounts for the voltage interactions between IBRs. The basin hopping algorithm (BHA) is used in combination with the Nelder–Mead algorithm to minimize the total additional short-circuit contribution from the SCs, subject to a minimum ESCR constraint. It is shown that this optimization problem has several solutions with the minimum values of the objective function lying within a narrow range but different allocation of the SCs’ capacities to the candidate buses. Therefore, the BHA is iteratively applied to identify the area of the search space in which the optimum solutions are located, and additional criteria are proposed to rank the solutions based on cost and reliability attributes. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is shown using a modified 39-bus New England benchmark system in which conventional synchronous generators were replaced by IBRs, thus leading to weak network conditions. •Enabling technologies are required for the massive deployment of IBRs.•Solutions encompass different allocations of synchronous condensers’ capacities.•Identifying a range of solutions is pivotal for the decision markers.•The non-linear IBR characteristics requires an iterative short-circuit calculation.•Minimizing the total cost reduces the reliability of the solution.