Hepcidins in amphibians and fishes: Antimicrobial peptides or iron-regulatory hormones?

Hepcidin, originally identified as a 25 amino acid peptide antibiotic produced in the liver, is a key regulator of iron balance and recycling in humans and mice. Closely related hepcidin genes and peptides also have been identified in other mammals, amphibians, and a number of fish species. We hypot...

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Bibliographic Details
Published inDevelopmental and comparative immunology Vol. 30; no. 9; pp. 746 - 755
Main Authors Shi, Jishu, Camus, Alvin C.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Elsevier Ltd 2006
Subjects
Amino Acid Sequence
Amphibian
Amphibians - genetics
Amphibians - immunology
Amphibians - physiology
Animals
Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides - genetics
Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides - immunology
Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides - metabolism
Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides - physiology
Antimicrobial peptide
Evolution, Molecular
Fish
Fishes - genetics
Fishes - immunology
Fishes - physiology
Hepcidin
Hepcidins
Iron
Iron-Regulatory Proteins - genetics
Iron-Regulatory Proteins - immunology
Iron-Regulatory Proteins - physiology
Molecular Sequence Data
Regulation
Sequence Alignment
CCA
HH
HIF
Dcytb
HFE
AI
Iron
MTP1
USF2
DMT-1
IREG1
Fish
Regulation
Hepcidin
HAMP
Amphibian
Antimicrobial peptide
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Summary:Hepcidin, originally identified as a 25 amino acid peptide antibiotic produced in the liver, is a key regulator of iron balance and recycling in humans and mice. Closely related hepcidin genes and peptides also have been identified in other mammals, amphibians, and a number of fish species. We hypothesize that hepcidin, the iron-regulatory hormone in humans, may have evolved from an antimicrobial peptide in fishes. In this review we will highlight the evidence that indicates hepcidin evolved from an antimicrobial peptide to an iron-regulatory hormone in vertebrate evolution. This evidence includes the discovery of hepcidin as an antimicrobial peptide and iron-regulatory hormone, structural comparison of mammalian hepcidins and nonmammalian hepcidins, and the cellular and molecular evidence indicating that, while some fish hepcidins may serve only as antimicrobial peptides, other fish and amphibian hepcidins may function as iron regulators.
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ISSN:0145-305X
1879-0089
DOI:10.1016/j.dci.2005.10.009