Bathtub ECG as a Potential Alternative to Light Stress Test in Daily Life

• Published in: Electronics Vol. 11; no. 9; p. 1310
• Main Authors: Li, Tianhui, Chen, Wenxi
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English; Japanese
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 20.04.2022
• Subjects: Algorithms; Arrhythmia; Bathing; Cardiac stress tests; Cardiovascular disease; Computer industry; Data collection; ECG; bathtub; exercise stress test; heart rate variability; Voronoi diagram; Electrocardiography; Electrodes; Fitness equipment; Heart attacks; Heart rate; Monitoring systems; Neural networks; Physiology; Voronoi graphs; Water temperature; Wavelet transforms; Hong Kong; United States > US; China; Japan
• ISSN: 2079-9292; 2079-9292
• DOI: 10.3390/electronics11091310

The exercise stress test (EST) is a common procedure to evaluate cardiovascular functions. However, the EST is not suitable for daily use, is sometimes risky, and even accompanies fatal incidents of myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, and sudden death during the test. The aim of this study was to evaluate heart rate variability (HRV) behaviors in the EST and during bathing, and to explore if daily bathing can serve as a potential alternative means of performing the EST. Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals were collected from 10 healthy subjects during the EST and bathing test (BT). The EST follows the modified Bruce protocol. ECG collection in the BT was conducted at five water temperatures ranging from 37 to 41 degrees Celsius (°C); each BT lasted 15 min. Twenty-three HRV features were used to group different bathing conditions corresponding to the EST stages using the Voronoi diagram method in terms of HRV behaviors. In all equivalent EST stages of BTs at the five water temperatures, the low stage, medium stage, and high stage account for 17.86%, 52.86%, and 29.29%, respectively. The results show that higher water temperatures and longer bathing durations in BT correspond to higher stages in the EST. The BT at the most severe condition of 41 °C and 15 min corresponds to a high EST stage in terms of HRV behavior. The results suggest that daily bathing can serve not only for healthcare monitoring but also as a reference for an at-home alternative to the EST.