Suppression of ovulation in Nile Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibious) using melengestrol acetate-treated feed or high dose Depo-Provera injection

• Published in: Zoo biology Vol. 26; no. 4; pp. 259 - 274
• Main Authors: Wheaton, Catharine J, Joseph, Sharon, Reid, Kelly, Webster, Tricia, Richards, Mary, Forde, Holly M, Savage, Anne
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Hoboken Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 01.07.2007
• Subjects: 5-α-reduced progesterone metabolites; captive; captive animals; contraception; contraceptives; dose response; drug injection; estrous cycle; Hippopotamus; hormone secretion; medroxyprogesterone; melengestrol; oral contraceptives; ovulation; progestational hormones; reproduction
• ISSN: 0733-3188; 1098-2361
• DOI: 10.1002/zoo.20121

Analysis of fecal progestogen profiles during Depo-Provera injection (1,200 mg; DEPO, Pfizer Inc., New York, NY), melengestrol acetate (MGA) in feed (2 or 3 mg/head/day), and a combination treatment (DEPO+MGA) are presented for nine captive female Nile hippos housed at Disney's Animal Kingdom in Florida. All tested treatments reduced fecal progestogen elevations successfully to durations consistent with prevention of ovulation for a portion of the treatment period. Percentage of treatment months with suppression of luteal phases indicative of ovulation was maximal for high-dose MGA (91.7±13.9%) and DEPO+MGA (91.7±20.4%), followed by DEPO injection alone (69.2±13.9%) and low-dose MGA (57.6±33.2%). Both 1,200 mg DEPO and low-dose MGA (2.0 mg/day) treatments were insufficient to prevent an apparent seasonal breakthrough of ovarian activity from June-August 2002. Although luteal phases were observed, no females conceived during those months. Overall, in 133.5 treatment months with females housed with an adult male, one female conceived during the transition period between treatments. After cessation of contraceptive treatment, average latency to first normal ovarian cycle was 80.6±19.5 days (range = 22-179 days). Up to 12 months post-treatment, however, successive cycles were often irregular with evidence of short periods of anovulation and shortened luteal phases in all females monitored. In conclusion, high dose and combination treatments were most successful in preventing progestogen increases indicative of ovulation in hippos. Zoo Biol 26:259-274, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.